Comparing fire spread algorithms using equivalence testing and neutral landscape models

We demonstrate a method to evaluate the degree to which a meta-model approximates spatial disturbance processes represented by a more detailed model across a range of landscape conditions, using neutral landscapes and equivalence testing. We illustrate this approach by comparing burn patterns produced by a relatively simple fire spread algorithm with those generated by a more detailed fire behavior model from which the simpler algorithm was derived. Equivalence testing allows objective comparisons of the output of simple and complex models, to determine if the results are significantly similar. Neutral landscape models represent a range of landscape conditions that the model may encounter, allowing evaluation of the sensitivity and behavior of the model to different landscape compositions and configurations. We first tested the model for universal applicability, then narrowed the testing to assess the practical domain of applicability. As a whole, the calibrated simple model passed the test for significant equivalence using the 25% threshold. When applied to a range of landscape conditions different from the calibration scenarios, the model failed the tests for equivalence. Although our particular model failed the tests, the neutral landscape models were helpful in determining an appropriate domain of applicability and in assessing the model sensitivity to landscape changes. Equivalence testing provides an effective method for model comparison, and coupled with neutral landscapes, our approach provides an objective way to assess the domain of applicability of a spatial model.     

The impact of thematic resolution on the patch-mosaic model of natural landscapes

We argue that thematic resolution, i.e., the level of categorical detail of a thematic map expressed by the number of classes included in the map legend, is an inherent component of the scale at which a landscape is analyzed. Changing the number of classes can change the configuration of the patch mosaic as much as changing the grain does. We address recent calls in this and other journals to deepen research in this topic. In particular, we report how thematic resolution affects the patchiness of mosaics representing natural landscapes, which have seldom been studied in this respect. We selected seven 50 × 50 km landscapes within national parks, each representative of a world biome. We applied an object-based unsupervised classification to Landsat TM imagery of these landscapes using increasing numbers of classes, between 2 and 50, and derived curves of mean patch size and patch density for each site. Our results are consistent with previous findings in that the patchiness of output mosaics increases monotonically with increasing thematic resolution, with a higher rate of increase up to eight classes that declines until it becomes roughly constant for more than 16 classes. However, this constant rate of increase is still considerable, meaning that, at least for natural landscapes, there is no threshold beyond which the patch-mosaic model is independent of the conceptual filter applied. This dependence on human fiat calls for re-thinking the patch-mosaic paradigm.     

百合鳞片扦插繁殖的研究进展

鳞片繁殖是百合种球生产过程中的关键环节.综述了迄今为止有关鳞片扦插技术、影响鳞片扦插繁殖的因素和鳞片繁殖生理等方面的研究成果,并对该领域存在的问题进行了简析,对今后的研究重点进行了展望.     

汽油机曲轴圆角和下沉量的研究

以某汽油机曲轴为载体,计算分析了曲轴的静态性能,并改变圆角半径和圆角下沉量的大小,分析对曲轴强度的影响,从而为圆角滚压工艺选取曲轴圆角参数奠定理论基础。     

规模化畜禽养殖场粪便养分数据空间化表征方法

针对目前进行规模化养殖场粪便养分分配,主要以行政单元为单位将规模化养殖统计数据总量按农田面积简单分配,认为所有的农用地之间都是均匀的,而忽视了农用地块之间存在差异性的问题,利用GIS空间分析技术,结合农用地地块间的空间差异性以及规模养殖畜禽粪便作为肥料施用的特殊性,构建了规模化畜禽养殖统计数据空间化算法,并结合农用地最大养分负荷,实现从规模畜禽养殖统计数据到区域畜禽粪便养分供给的空间化转换,最后以福州市闽侯县上街镇为例进行了算法的实际应用。结果表明研究区农用地氮、磷最大养分负荷分别为169.994 kg/hm2和34.973 kg/hm2。无论是畜禽养殖粪便氮养分还是磷养分,都未超过算法设定的阈值。     

Fractal几何的理论形成及应用发展

在阐述Ｆｒａｃｔａｌ几何由来和应用发展的基础上，分析了它在应用过程中对其理论体系的完善过程。着重指出目前Ｆｒａｃｔａｌ几何理论不再局限于对自然形体的形态描述及形成过程的分析上。而已开始用于对抽象表现空间的自然现象及的评价。Ｆｒａｃｔａｌ一词也在理论和应用发展过程中扩展了内涵。这充分说明理论和实践相辅相承共同发展这一哲学观点的正确性。     

蚧虫预测预报及综合防治

蚧虫种类繁多,不少种类是农林业的重要害虫.对蚧虫预测预报及综合防治进行了综述.     

中国海域棘头梅童鱼头棘和鳞片轮纹形态的初步研究(英文)

对采自上海和广州的36尾棘头梅童鱼的外部形态学进行了分析,探讨了其头部头棘和鳞片鳞嵴这两个外部形态特征与该种类其他特征之间的关系。采用线形回归法分析了17个可量性状和8个可数性状。结果表明:头部头棘的特征与背鳍前长、眼间距两个特征之间存在更紧密的联系,而鳞片鳞嵴与下鳃耙数量、眼间距两个特征之间存在更紧密的联系。     

河南省地级市农业生产效率的DEA研究

基于非参数的DEA方法,选取了2008～2010年的农业生产投入和产出指标,分析了河南省18个地级市农业生产效率的变化。结果表明:河南省各地市农业生产综合效率、纯技术效率、规模效率在研究期内整体呈现上升趋势,部分地市农业生产未达到有效,主要是在农业劳动力、农作物播种面积、农业机械总动力、农用化肥量等生产要素投入存在冗余,农业生产相对较弱的地区应找出影响农业生产效率的因素,有针对性地改进农业生产效率。     

农户土地流转现状及土地规模经营意愿调查研究——以辽宁省东港市为例

运用入户调查法,对辽宁省东港市4个镇90户农户土地经营规模现状和土地规模经营意愿进行调研。结果表明:大多数农户仍处于小规模分散化经营,土地细碎化严重,农户对土地具有强烈的依赖性,制约了土地流转,土地政策的宣传不到位,土地流转机制不完善及信息传播不畅通都阻碍了农户经营土地规模的扩大;多数农户有扩大经营规模的意愿,其中经济利益吸引和家庭劳动力有剩余是农户希望扩大土地规模的主要原因,而租赁价格会直接影响农户转入土地的行为;土地规模经营仍有很大的发展潜力和空间,需要积极加强土地政策宣传和引导,推动农村地规模经营的实现。