石油醚代替乙醚测定饲料粗脂肪的研究

本文比较了以石油醚和乙醚作提取剂,分别测定其饲料中粗脂肪的含量,二种提取剂测定结果差异不显著,石油醚代替乙醚作提取剂是完全可行的。     

诸葛菜的营养成分分析

宏量营养物、氨基酸、维生素和微量元素的分析结果表明，诸葛荣富含蛋白质、人体必需氨基酸、矿物元素和维生素，是营养优良的食物源。     

A comparative study of the metabolic effects of hypertrehalosemic hormone and 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane (γ-HCH) in the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana

Several effects of hypertrehalosemic hormone (Peram-HTH) have been compared with the action of 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane (γ-HCH) in the cockroach, Periplaneta americana. The data show that both agents stimulate respiration while maintaining an R.Q. of approximately 1. The action of γ-HCH differs from that of Peram-HTH-I in that it promotes oxidation of large amounts of soluble carbohydrate. Recent studies show that Peram-HTH-I has an equally potent stimulatory effect on lipid deposition in the fat body and on the release of trehalose from the same tissue. It is of interest that γ-HCH not only increases triacylglycerol accumulation in the fatγ body but that this effect is more pronounced if the γ-HCH is applied to the ventral surface of the mesothorax. γ-HCH also depleted whole body glycoprotein and glycolipid whereas Peram-HTH-I had no effect on glycoprotein but increased that of glycolipid. It is clear that γ-HCH causes complex disruptions to the metabolism of the insect, many of which are related to the release of hormones. The study supports the idea that certain actions of γ-HCH are mediated through the release of Peram-HTH-I.     

普通玉米单交种与高油玉米杂交当代子粒化学成分的遗传分析

试验以吉林省主推的普通玉米单交种为母本,以高油玉米为父本进行人工杂交,研究双亲对杂交当代子粒的脂肪、蛋白质和淀粉含量的影响.结果表明:①母本对杂交当代子粒脂肪含量的影响大于父本,杂交当代子粒的脂肪含量与其双亲的关系是:普通玉米单交种×高油玉米自交系杂交当代子粒的脂肪含量=0.60P₁+0.40P₂;普通玉米单交种×高油玉米单交种杂交当代子粒的脂肪含量=0.65P₁+0.35P₂;普通玉米单交种×高油玉米群体的杂交当代子     

Fat and fatty acid digestibility of different fat sources in growing pigs

The effect of fat source on fat and fatty acid (FA) apparent faecal (aFD) and ileal digestibility (aID) was studied in growing pigs. Faecal and ileal digestibilities were measured, using titanium dioxide as inert marker, in intact and ileo-rectally anastomosed pigs, respectively. Five different fat sources, added at 10% to a barley based diet (B), were tested: tallow (T), high oleic sunflower oil (HOSF), sunflower oil (SO), linseed oil (LO) and a fat blend (FB; 5.5% T, 3.5% SO and 1% LO of diet).

Except for B and T, fat aFD and aID were relatively similar among diets and site of measurements and the same was observed when it was obtained from the sum of FA aFD. However fat and sum of FA aID varied according to dietary FA composition and it was inversely related with the saturated FA content, due to the lowest aID of palmitic and stearic. aID of linoleic in SO and linolenic in LO were higher than the respective FA of the other diets and no differences were observed for oleic acid. The aFD of the unsaturated FA was higher than the corresponding aID values, despite similar fat aID and aFD. This together with the lower (in some cases negative) aFD of stearic acid suggest that there is biohydrogenation of unsaturated FA in the hindgut. Measurement at the end of the ileum should give a better estimation of digestibility of fat and FA than at the faecal level.     

吉林省不同年代育成大豆品种某些农艺性状的变化

两年来对吉林省1923~2005年生产上主推的16个大豆品种的生物量、产量、收获指数以及种子蛋白质、脂肪含量的研究表明:大豆植株的生物量从苗期到R6期逐渐增加,R6期达到最大值,然后下降,老品种比现代品种下降速度快。大豆品种的生物量、产量和收获指数均随育成年代呈线性增加,其中产量和收获指数平均每年分别增加14.84kg/hm2(1.27%)和0.23%。种子脂肪含量随育成年代增加,平均每年增加0.04%;而蛋白质含量随年代降低,平均每年下降0.06%。产量与生物量和收获指数呈显著正相关(P<0.05);与种子脂肪含量呈正相关,与蛋白质含量呈负相关,但不显著。本文结果表明,大豆育种工作者以高产为选择目标的同时使生物量和收获指数得到提高。生物量和收获指数可以作为高产品种选育的指标。     

发酵棉粕及其他营养素对肉鸡脂肪代谢影响的研究进展

现代肉鸡饲养管理方法,使鸡种表现出增重迅速、出栏日龄逐年缩短,但是在这一过程中,易造成肉鸡脂肪过度沉积。过多的脂肪沉积降低胴体品质、降低饲料转化率,提高了养殖成本;肉鸡分割和深加工过程中没有商业价值的脂肪组织被剔除,降低了屠体产量;此外,肝脏脂肪过度沉积会引发脂肪肝等代谢疾病,增加肉鸡死淘率;同时,消费者也不愿购买脂肪含量过高的肉制品,这些都给肉鸡养殖业造成了巨大的经济损失。发酵棉粕营养价值高,其发酵微生物、发酵产物等可直接降低肉鸡脂肪沉积,也可通过影响肉鸡脂肪代谢相关基因来调控脂肪沉积,除此之外,改变肠道微生物菌落结构也是发酵棉粕调控脂肪代谢的一个可能原因。此外,植物提取物、益生菌等均能显著影响肉鸡脂肪代谢。文章简述了肉鸡脂肪代谢,并总结了发酵饲料尤其是发酵棉粕对肉鸡脂肪代谢的调控作用,以期为肉鸡健康养殖和饼粕资源的开发利用提供理论基础。     

玉米子粒脂肪含量的全基因组关联分析

利用分子标记对控制玉米脂肪合成的关键基因进行定位,从分子水平上阐明其遗传机理,提高高油玉米的育种效率。以吉林省80份核心玉米自交系为关联群体,2014年和2015年分别在吉林农业大学试验地进行田间试验,将自交收获的果穗晾晒脱粒后用NIRFlex N-500近红外光谱仪测定其子粒脂肪含量。同时使用Illumina PE150测序仪对80份玉米自交系进行全基因组重测序,共获得1 490 007个高质量的SNP用于后续的关联分析。结果表明,玉米子粒脂肪含量的变异范围为2.83%~6.81%,广义遗传力为63.3%。经过两年1点的全基因组关联分析共筛选得到10个SNP位点与子粒的脂肪含量显著关联(P0.000 001),解释的表型贡献率为0.65%~34.5%,其中位于染色体框4.01的SNP标记表型贡献率最高为34.5%。在显著性SNP位点(P0.000 001)的连锁不平衡区域(5.2 kb)内共挖掘出6个候选基因,分别预测编码MYB转录因子、果胶酯酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶和3种无特征功能的假定蛋白,可能与脂肪的合成代谢密切相关,可为高油玉米材料的分子标记辅助选择及克隆调控玉米子粒脂肪含量的关键基因提供参考。     

家蚕经菊酯类农药诱导后脂肪体蛋白的表达谱及烯醇酶基因的组织转录活性

为了从蛋白质水平探讨家蚕对菊酯类农药的抗性机制,采用双向电泳结合基质辅助质量飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF-MS)技术,分析家蚕5龄幼虫经氯氰菊酯诱导前后脂肪体蛋白的表达特征。采用ImageMaster6.0软件分析表明,对照组共检测到432个蛋白点,诱导实验组检测到369个蛋白点,其中能匹配的蛋白点有342对,匹配率为76.68%。对特征蛋白进行MALDI-TOF-MS分析鉴定的蛋白包括烯醇酶、线粒体醛脱氢酶、伴侣素、肌动蛋白、gag-like蛋白。烯醇酶(enolase)是糖酵解过程中极为重要的酶类。采用半定量RT-PCR对经氯氰菊酯诱导后的家蚕脑、中肠、丝腺、脂肪体、精巢、马氏管、血液等7个组织器官的烯醇酶基因进行表达分析,结果表明,烯醇酶基因转录水平在7个组织器官中都呈现下调趋势,分别下调了13.79%、10.71%、22.48%、7.40%、27.00%、11.50%、14.52%,其中脂肪体的烯醇酶基因表达和蛋白的表达下调一致。受菊酯类农药诱导的影响,家蚕5龄幼虫脂肪体蛋白的数目减少,烯醇酶基因在各组织器官减量表达,提示可能与蚕体的基础生理代谢受到抑制有关。     

艾维茵肉种母鸡骨骼、肌肉、脂肪组织生长发育规律研究

研究艾维茵肉种母鸡骨骼、肌肉、脂肪等组织的生长发育规律。选用3周龄艾维茵父母代母鸡72只,按照品种手册进行常规饲养管理。分别于第5、79、、11、131、51、71、92、12、3、252、8周龄随机选取6只进行屠宰解剖,测定骨骼、肌肉、脂肪等多项指标。结果表明:骨骼、肌肉、脂肪等组织的生长发育均符合Logistic模型,拟合度在0.95以上;25周龄前骨骼、肌肉、脂肪的生长发育不平衡,首先发育的是骨骼,其次是肌肉,最后是脂肪,28周龄后各组织的发育基本趋于平衡。