近红外反射光谱(NIRS)技术分析奶粉品质的研究

奶粉中蛋白质和脂肪是影响奶粉营养品质的主要因素,利用近红外反射光谱分析技术对来自国内不同地区的奶粉共900份样品进行蛋白质和脂肪成分测定分析。研究了不同的样品数日、光谱预处理和散射校正技术对发展奶粉近红外测定定标模型的影响。结果表明．在样品数目为200—400范围内建立的定标分析模型较理想;数学预处理中以一阶导数较好,且以“1,4,4,1”的处理组合最为理想;光谱散射校正中采用“标准正态变量转换(SNV) 趋势变换法(De—trending)”的组合建立回归方程效果较好。利用改进最小二乘法回归技术(Modified PLS)建立多种定标模型,并进行交叉验证(cross—Validation)来分析各种因素对定标模型的影响。同时筛选出较理想的蛋白质和脂肪定标分析回归方程,其中蛋白质和脂肪含量的相关系数高速0．973和0．850。探讨了NIRS技术在建模应用中的一些影响因素,以及由NIRS技术建立奶粉分析模型用于快速分析和在线检测的可行性。     

日粮营养代谢与基因表达的研究进展

动物日粮营养代谢能够影响基因的表达,研究表明:通过改变日粮的营养水平可以调节动物体内相关基因的表达,从而使动物处于最佳的生长状态。本文就碳水化合物、脂肪和脂肪酸、蛋白质等营养素对基因表达的调控进行了综述。     

Effects of Diet and Weight Gain on Body Condition Scoring in Thoroughbred Geldings

In the horse, the body condition score (BCS) system to assess subcutaneous fat deposition is a useful tool for making feeding management decisions. The system includes assessing fat deposition at six body areas (neck, withers, shoulders, ribs, loin, and tail head) and was developed in Quarter Horse mares. It has not been tested for use on other breeds or genders, possibly compromising the system's ability to describe fat accretion in other classes of horse. The objective of this study was to examine the ability of the previously developed fat accretion characteristics to describe fat deposition in mature Thoroughbred (TB) geldings. An additional goal was to determine whether fewer body areas could be used. Fifteen mature TB geldings were fed for weight gain over an 8-month period on one of two diets and were independently assessed for BCS on a monthly basis by two judges. BCS was determined by averaging the scores that were assigned to each of the six body areas. Fat accretion characteristics were also recorded. Across both diets, the neck area scored significantly higher than the withers and loin (P < 0.05) throughout the study. A BCS derived only from the body areas of neck, shoulders, ribs, and tailhead was found to accurately predict the six body area−derived mean BCS. The results of this study provide justification for modifications of the BCS system for use in TB geldings and also demonstrated that fewer body areas can be used to accurately predict mean BCS.     

乳化剂在肉鸡饲料中的效果研究

乳化剂是一种亲油又亲水的物质,能显著降低脂肪的粘度,弥补动物胆盐分泌不足,从而提高脂肪消化率,防止脂肪肝发生和畜禽因脂肪消化不良引起的下痢,且利于脂溶性营养物质（VA、VD、VE、色素等）的吸收。因此,可通过乳化剂调低配方的代谢能水平,降低成本,提高经济效益。本试验研究了乳化剂对白羽肉鸡生产性能的影响。结果显示：减少油脂后添加乳化剂对肉鸡平均日采食量和平均日增重的影响均不显著,从试验全期看,日粮减少油脂5 kg/t 或降低代谢能30 kcal/kg （1 kcal=4.187 kJ,下同）后添加乳化剂,可以使肉鸡平均日增重和料重比保持正常的水平。     

家蚕经菊酯类农药诱导后脂肪体蛋白的表达谱及烯醇酶基因的组织转录活性

为了从蛋白质水平探讨家蚕对菊酯类农药的抗性机制,采用双向电泳结合基质辅助质量飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF-MS)技术,分析家蚕5龄幼虫经氯氰菊酯诱导前后脂肪体蛋白的表达特征。采用ImageMaster6.0软件分析表明,对照组共检测到432个蛋白点,诱导实验组检测到369个蛋白点,其中能匹配的蛋白点有342对,匹配率为76.68%。对特征蛋白进行MALDI-TOF-MS分析鉴定的蛋白包括烯醇酶、线粒体醛脱氢酶、伴侣素、肌动蛋白、gag-like蛋白。烯醇酶(enolase)是糖酵解过程中极为重要的酶类。采用半定量RT-PCR对经氯氰菊酯诱导后的家蚕脑、中肠、丝腺、脂肪体、精巢、马氏管、血液等7个组织器官的烯醇酶基因进行表达分析,结果表明,烯醇酶基因转录水平在7个组织器官中都呈现下调趋势,分别下调了13.79%、10.71%、22.48%、7.40%、27.00%、11.50%、14.52%,其中脂肪体的烯醇酶基因表达和蛋白的表达下调一致。受菊酯类农药诱导的影响,家蚕5龄幼虫脂肪体蛋白的数目减少,烯醇酶基因在各组织器官减量表达,提示可能与蚕体的基础生理代谢受到抑制有关。     

Fat and fatty acid digestibility of different fat sources in growing pigs

The effect of fat source on fat and fatty acid (FA) apparent faecal (aFD) and ileal digestibility (aID) was studied in growing pigs. Faecal and ileal digestibilities were measured, using titanium dioxide as inert marker, in intact and ileo-rectally anastomosed pigs, respectively. Five different fat sources, added at 10% to a barley based diet (B), were tested: tallow (T), high oleic sunflower oil (HOSF), sunflower oil (SO), linseed oil (LO) and a fat blend (FB; 5.5% T, 3.5% SO and 1% LO of diet).

Except for B and T, fat aFD and aID were relatively similar among diets and site of measurements and the same was observed when it was obtained from the sum of FA aFD. However fat and sum of FA aID varied according to dietary FA composition and it was inversely related with the saturated FA content, due to the lowest aID of palmitic and stearic. aID of linoleic in SO and linolenic in LO were higher than the respective FA of the other diets and no differences were observed for oleic acid. The aFD of the unsaturated FA was higher than the corresponding aID values, despite similar fat aID and aFD. This together with the lower (in some cases negative) aFD of stearic acid suggest that there is biohydrogenation of unsaturated FA in the hindgut. Measurement at the end of the ileum should give a better estimation of digestibility of fat and FA than at the faecal level.     

Interactions between dietary fatty acids and hepatic gene expression in livers of pigs during the weaning period

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of dietary fatty acids (FA) during the weaning period on expression of genes involved in the oxidation and metabolism of FA (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR-), stearoyl-CoA-desaturase (SCD), Δ6-desaturase (D6D), acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC) and fatty acid synthase (FAS)). Liver samples were obtained from littermates, either on day 28 of age just before weaning, or at day 56 after the 4 weeks ad lib. provision of 5% of either animal fat, fish oil or sunflower oil. In conclusion, genes involved in the regulation of FA conversion (SCD, D6D) were influenced by the n-6 to n-3 ratio, whereas the FA oxidation, as indicated by the expression of PPAR-, was highly likely regulated by the hepatic ratio between mono- and poly-unsaturated FA. Furthermore, weaning and/or age affected the hepatic expression of genes involved in FA synthesis and conversion, but not the expression of PPAR-.     

共轭亚油酸对脂肪细胞成熟调控机理研究

共轭亚油酸(CLA．Conjugated linoleic acid)是一类具有顺、反异构体的十八碳二烯酸的统称,当前,CLA的生物学功能已成为研究热点,尤其在脂肪代谢调控上,具有降低脂肪沉积和血液胆固醇水平的功效。通过对CLA的脂肪细胞成熟(包括对脂肪细胞的增殖、分化,脂肪的沉积、甘油三磷酸的沉积等过程)调控机理的综合论述,以便为CLA更深入的研究提供参考。