长江中游农田湿地资源可持续利用研究

从经济学角度讨论了农田湿地资源退化的经济成因,指出农田湿地资源可持续利用的可行模式,并系统地提出了保障机制。     

Canola genotypes differ in potassium efficiency during vegetative growth

There is no knowledge about the differential capacity of canola genotypes to take up potassium (K) and produce dry matter under conditions of low soil K availability. Hence, 84 canola genotypes were screened for K efficiency in the glasshouse. Plants were grown in sealed pots containing K-responsive, sandy soil without or with K added. Twelve genotypes were selected for advanced screening in the glasshouse in a different K-responsive soil. Genotypes with a mean K efficiency ratio (the ratio of shoot dry weight at deficient and adequate K supply) greater than one standard error above or below the median genotype value were classified as K-efficient or K-inefficient, respectively. There were significant differences between genotypes in the K efficiency ratio in both screening experiments, indicating that genotypes responded differently to K availability. In the initial screening experiment, 19 genotypes were rated as K-efficient and nine genotypes rated as K-inefficient based on the K efficiency ratio. In the advanced screening experiment with 12 genotypes, three genotypes were rated as K-efficient and two as K-inefficient. Genotypes Wesbarker and Rainbow were K-efficient and Genkai K-inefficient in both experiments. Correlation of the K efficiency ratio with (i) shoot K content in the initial and advanced screening and (ii) shoot K concentration in the advanced screening, indicates that the observed differences in K efficiency were due to genotypic differences in both the uptake and the utilization of K. K-efficient genotypes have a potential to improve canola yields on soils with low K availability.     

农田土壤螨群落变化与环境因素关系的研究

对中国农业大学实验站农田土壤螨群落变化与环境因素的关系研究结果表明，土壤螨种类与数量随土壤养分的增加而增加，随土壤容重和pH值的增大而减少；长期施用EM堆肥，土壤孔隙多，通气性好，土壤耕层增厚，有机质含量提高，土壤螨种类与数量最多。     

安徽省生态高标准农田建设规范初探

为促进农业现代化发展,保障国家粮食安全,依据国家有关规定及技术标准,提出安徽省生态高标准农田建设规范。规范内容涵盖了生态高标准农田的定义、建设条件、高标准农田中生态建设和管理技术措施、农业清洁生产、农产品质量安全、农田管护等制度方面的要求。     

Soil carbon and nitrogen changes as affected by tillage system and crop biomass in a corn–soybean rotation

A wide range of tillage systems have been used by producers in the Corn-Belt in the United States during the past decade due to their economic and environmental benefits. However, changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen (SON) and crop responses to these tillage systems are not well documented in a corn–soybean rotation. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of different tillage systems on SOC and SON, residue C and N inputs, and corn and soybean yields across Iowa. The first experiment consisted of no-tillage (NT) and chisel plow (CP) treatments, established in 1994 in Clarion–Nicollet–Webster (CNW), Galva–Primghar–Sac (GPS), Kenyon–Floyd–Clyde (KFC), Marshall (M), and Otley–Mahaska–Taintor (OMT) soil associations. The second experiment consisted of NT, strip-tillage (ST), CP, deep rip (DR), and moldboard plow (MP) treatments, established in 1998 in the CNW soil association. Both corn and soybean yields of NT were statistically comparable to those of CP treatment for each soil association in a corn–soybean rotation during the 7 years of tillage practices. The NT, ST, CP, and DR treatments produced similar corn and soybean yields as MP treatment in a corn–soybean rotation during the 3 years of tillage implementation of the second experiment. Significant increases in SOC of 17.3, 19.5, 6.1, and 19.3% with NT over CP treatment were observed at the top 15-cm soil depth in CNW, KFC, M, and OMT soil associations, respectively, except for the GPS soil association in a corn–soybean rotation at the end of 7 years. The NT and ST resulted in significant increases in SOC of 14.7 and 11.4%, respectively, compared with MP treatment after 3 years. Changes in SON due to tillage were similar to those observed with SOC in both experiments. The increases in SOC and SON in NT treatment were not attributed to the vertical stratification of organic C and N in the soil profile or annual C and N inputs from crop residue, but most likely due to the decrease in soil organic matter mineralization in wet and cold soil conditions. It was concluded that NT and ST are superior to CP and MP in increasing SOC and SON in the top 15 cm in the short-term. The adoption of NT or CP can be an effective strategy in increasing SOC and SON in the Corn-Belt soils without significant adverse impact on corn and soybean yields in a corn–soybean rotation.     

The buffer effect of non-breeding birds and the timing of farmland bird declines

Breeding territoriality in birds means that a certain proportion of the adult population may breed in suboptimal habitats or not breed at all. Non-breeding birds, or floaters, can have a `buffer effect' on breeding population size. Farmland bird declines in Britain are measured and analysed in terms of numbers of territory-holding birds. We use a population dynamics model to illustrate how, because of the buffer effect of floaters, there can be a time lag between the start of total population decline and detectable breeding population decline. Differences in the timing of declines of closely related farmland birds could therefore be due to slight differences in their population dynamics, rather than differences in their response to agricultural change.     

亚热带低丘区退化红壤肥力质量恢复性能的研究

试验和分析结果表明 ,退化红壤主要肥力因素的恢复与农用物质的投入和土壤本身理化性质均存在明显的关系。随着物质投入量的增加 ,土壤肥力质量的恢复也逐渐加快。在自然条件下 ,土壤肥力因素的恢复主要与土壤本身属性有关 ,在肥力恢复过程中 ,土壤有机质的增加量与土壤本身有机质含量呈抛物线关系 ,约当土壤有机质含量在 2 0 g/ kg时 ,增幅最大 ;在一定的含氮范围内 ,土壤氮素的增加与土壤全氮含量呈正相关 ;而速效钾的增加量与土壤本身速效钾含量呈反相关。土壤水稳定性团聚体的恢复与土壤粘粒含量及有机质含量呈正相关。试验结果表明 ,在合理的管理条件下 ,红壤肥力质量可以逐渐得到改善     

城郊农田生态环境质量预警体系研究及应用——以郑州市为例

在深刻剖析土壤污染物来源、深入理解土壤污染复杂性的基础上，根据研究地区的特殊性（城市郊区），构建了包括评价模型、预测模型、预警模型的农田生态环境质量预警体系，通过社会环境系统对土壤污染胁迫强度的变化间接反映土壤环境质量变化趋势，并运用此预警体系对郑州市郊区农田进行了动态预警实证研究，获得重要结果：（1）郑州市郊区农田生态环境质量经历了“迅速恶化-达到相对最差-趋于好转”的发展过程，这说明了社会环境系统对土壤环境胁迫强度经历了“增大-最大-趋缓”的变化过程；（2）郑州市郊区农田生态环境总体上不容乐观，必须全面掌握和控制土壤污染的影响因素，减少外部环境对农田土壤环境的胁迫作用，做好土壤污染的预警与防治工作。     

Wind erosion and airborne dust deposition in farmland during spring in the Horqin Sandy Land of eastern Inner Mongolia, China

In the Horqin Sandy Land of eastern Inner Mongolia in northern China, wind erosion in farmland is very common in a period from thawing of frozen surface soil in mid-March to sowing of crops in the end of April, largely because of dry and windy weather. However, little is known about the magnitude of wind erosion and associated nutrient losses due to erosion and the addition of nutrients by airborne dust deposition to farmlands during this period. A field experiment was conducted in an Entisol with sand origin under corn (Zea mays L.) production to investigate daily changes in wind speed and wind erosion intensity (as measured by soil transport rate) over a period from 20 March to 30 April 2001. We also measured daily rates of airborne dust deposition during the spring seasons with the high frequency of dust storm occurrence. The rates of soil transport by wind varied greatly from 13.2 to 1254.1 kg ha⁻¹ per day, averaging 232.1 kg ha⁻¹ per day, largely attributable to great variation between days in wind speed within the study period. The potential losses of nutrients through wind erosion were 0.26–24.95 kg ha⁻¹ per day (averaging 4.62 kg ha⁻¹ per day) in organic matter, 0.02–1.64 kg ha⁻¹ per day (averaging 0.31 kg ha⁻¹ per day) in nitrogen and 0.01–0.7 kg ha⁻¹ per day (averaging 0.13 kg ha⁻¹ per day) in phosphorus. The mean rates of airborne dust deposition ranged from 4.0 to 48.9 kg ha⁻¹ per day, averaging 19.9 kg ha⁻¹ per day, during the spring seasons. The potential addition of organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus by dust input to the experimental field was, on average, 0.54, 0.04 and 0.02 kg ha⁻¹ per day, respectively. Although the addition was a fraction of the losses due to erosion, nevertheless, dust input in the spring seasons is one of the major suppliers of soil nutrition. The fact that the addition of nutrients by dust is about 1/10 of the losses of soil nutrients through wind erosion suggests that developing and adopting more effective management practices to reduce soil erosion losses and to improve soil fertility are crucial to achieve a sustainable agricultural system in a fragile, semiarid sandy land environment.     

从动态预测的角度进行征地补偿标准的确定

引入动态预测法动态预测征地补偿标准,以保障被征地人发展的权力和空间。