县域高标准农田建设项目遴选布局方法——以舒兰市为例

本研究旨在为科学布局高标准农田建设项目提供技术支持。从分析建设适宜性和空间稳定性入手,提出了基于耦合协调度模型和冷热点分析的项目区遴选方法,并在吉林省舒兰市进行实证研究。结果表明：舒兰市高标准农田建设潜力较大,高适宜区和中适宜区合占耕地总面积的74.91%,主要分布在北部乡镇;空间稳定性与建设适宜性的空间分布大致相同,整体呈现“北部高于南部”的特征;高标准农田建设呈现明显的“北部易于南部”特征,其中优良协调类占耕地总面积的52.92%,主要分布在平安镇、金马镇、七里乡、开原镇、水曲柳镇和天德乡等,该类耕地自然禀赋较好、基础设施完备,并且与城镇、交通干线有一定距离,建设占用的可能性较小,高标准农田建设难度最小;高标准农田建设适宜性和空间稳定性耦合协调度的热点区主要分布在法特镇、莲花乡、天德乡、平安镇、七里乡等北部乡镇,是高标准农田项目的优先选择区域。结合研究区实际,确定舒兰市“十三五”期间高标准农田建设区总面积10828.89 hm ²。     

四旋翼飞行器农田位置信息采集平台设计与实验

作为对传统农田信息采集方式的补充,提出了一种基于小型飞行器的采集方式.阐述了四旋翼飞行器的工作原理,并设计了农田信息采集平台,制作出的样机载重为3.5kg,滞空时间大于20 min.设计了惯性测量系统,在测试翻滚角误差小于0.5°时确定融合算法权重系数K为12,利用PID闭环控制,实现3 m高度悬停飞行的偏移误差不超过5 m.在平台上搭载Trimble 5700型GPS接收机进行了实时数据采样实验,结果表明人工采样与飞行采样数据误差约为1.4m,表明该平台具有采集农田位置信息的基本能力.     

投入式液位计在液肥液位检测中的应用

针对当前液态施肥机在液肥的精确及定量控制等方面存在的不足,以单片机作为控制核心,采用投入式液位传感器进行数据采集,将液位的变化转换成电压变化,再利用A/D将模拟量转化成数字量;同时,通过单片机处理将电压值换算成相应的液位高度值及容量值并显示,并用Mat Lab分析试验数据。结果表明:液位高度值各容量值测量误差均满足实际要求,可应用于液态施肥机。     

生产效率视域下加工番茄生产要素冗余的区域差异及影响因素

新疆是我国番茄制品生产和出口的重要基地,基于新疆加工番茄主产县域480份农户的调研数据,采用DEA-BCC模型,测算新疆加工番茄主产县域的生产效率,分析加工番茄主产县域的生产要素冗余率,并利用地理探测器模型,揭示影响加工番茄生产效率的关键因子。结果表明：新疆加工番茄主产县域的生产效率存在显著差异,且生产效率均未达到DEA有效水平;其次,加工番茄主产县域的生产要素投入存在不同程度的冗余,种植面积和农业机械投入冗余属于资源利用强度不足型,劳动力、化肥及农药投入冗余属于要素投入过度型;家庭纯收入、户主年龄、户主受教育程度、种植时间和种植面积是生产效率出现县域差异的主要因子,解释力度介于61.4%～65.2%,且因子间相互作用的影响力均高于单独作用的影响力,表明促进县域之间生产要素的合理流动和高效集聚,发挥主产县域的辐射带动作用,可以有效提高加工番茄种植户的生产效率。     

农业机械化对农业产出的贡献率

测算出农业机械化对农业生产的贡献份额,有助于从总体上把握农业机械化的发展水平、发展潜力和发展趋势,为制定农业机械化政策提供可靠有力的理论依据.为此,分析了"有无比较"法及"生产函数"法应用于测算农业机械化贡献率的情况,并以湖南省为实例,采用"有无比较"法计算了农业机械化对农业产出的贡献率.     

Canola genotypes differ in potassium efficiency during vegetative growth

There is no knowledge about the differential capacity of canola genotypes to take up potassium (K) and produce dry matter under conditions of low soil K availability. Hence, 84 canola genotypes were screened for K efficiency in the glasshouse. Plants were grown in sealed pots containing K-responsive, sandy soil without or with K added. Twelve genotypes were selected for advanced screening in the glasshouse in a different K-responsive soil. Genotypes with a mean K efficiency ratio (the ratio of shoot dry weight at deficient and adequate K supply) greater than one standard error above or below the median genotype value were classified as K-efficient or K-inefficient, respectively. There were significant differences between genotypes in the K efficiency ratio in both screening experiments, indicating that genotypes responded differently to K availability. In the initial screening experiment, 19 genotypes were rated as K-efficient and nine genotypes rated as K-inefficient based on the K efficiency ratio. In the advanced screening experiment with 12 genotypes, three genotypes were rated as K-efficient and two as K-inefficient. Genotypes Wesbarker and Rainbow were K-efficient and Genkai K-inefficient in both experiments. Correlation of the K efficiency ratio with (i) shoot K content in the initial and advanced screening and (ii) shoot K concentration in the advanced screening, indicates that the observed differences in K efficiency were due to genotypic differences in both the uptake and the utilization of K. K-efficient genotypes have a potential to improve canola yields on soils with low K availability.     

江西省农业生态经济系统的能值指标分析

为了对江西省农业生态经济系统的演变趋势做出适当判断,对系统的可持续发展提出具体对策,笔者在研究江西省农业生态经济系统输入能值和产出能值的基础上,构建各种能值的结构指标,对江西省农业生态系统的结构、功能、效率和发展趋势进行分析。结果表明：购买能值投入率较高,有机能投入过多,工业辅助能值投入太少,系统处于自我维持的生产状态,具有较强的传统性和较高的保守性;净能值出产率较低,系统处于劳力密集型,集约化程度低,生产效率不高的粗放型阶段;环境负载率较大,且处于增长趋势,表明系统在能值利用技术上不断提高,同时面临的环境压力也越来越大;系统能值可持续发展指标为0.176~0.225,远小于1,系统是典型的消费型生态系统,产出的能值是消耗较多的资源获得。江西省农业系统应优化能值投入和产出结构,提高能源利用效率和生产效率,加大科技成份的投入,注重系统的协调性和整体性以及生态经营的合理性,把现代高新技术与传统农业技术的精华相结合,改变传统的粗放型经营方式,向现代科学技术型、高度集约型和高效益型转变。     

硫包衣肥料在生姜生产上的应用研究

为探索硫包衣肥料在安丘生姜上的应用效果,进行3个不同施肥量硫包衣肥料与对照含氯复合肥的肥效对比试验。试验结果表明,施用硫包衣肥料后,生长中后期生姜叶色较绿,茎杆粗壮,长势旺,后期衰败晚,干叶尖差,染病轻,不同硫包衣尿素处理的姜苗鲜重比对照多3214.5~9558.0 kg/hm~2。施用硫包衣肥料的3个处理生姜产量比对照多6675.0~10627.5 kg/hm~2,产值比对照高24030.0~38259.0元/hm~2,且与对照差异达显著水平。同时使用硫包衣肥料显著提高了生姜的投入产出比。从产量产值上来看,施用NPK总量与对照相同的硫包衣复合肥处理(处理4)的增产效果最明显;从投入产出比来看,施用20%硫包衣尿素+80%普通尿素处理(处理3)的投入产出比最大。硫包衣肥料在安丘生姜上的应用效果明显,建议今后在生姜生产中加大硫包衣肥料的推广应用范围。     

边界线分析法评价小麦/西瓜/玉米间作体系产量的限制因子

本研究旨在分析小麦/西瓜/玉米间作体系限制作物产量的关键因子,为该体系的优化提供科学依据。采用农户调研的方式,对河北省曲周县的小麦/西瓜/玉米间作模式展开调查,主要调研内容是小麦和玉米的播种量、养分投入量和产量以及西瓜的养分投入量和产量,应用边界线分析方法评价小麦/西瓜/玉米间作高产体系的限制因子。结果表明,限制小麦产量的关键因子为小麦播种量,贡献率达17.8%,而养分投入量的贡献率分别为:P₂O₅ 12.5%、K₂O 11.7%、N 8.0%。限制西瓜产量的关键因子为钾肥投入量,贡献率达15.8%,N、P₂O₅的贡献率分别为14.2%和11.8%。限制玉米产量的关键因子为氮肥投入量,贡献率达20.6%,其他因子的贡献率分别为:K₂O 14.2%,P₂O₅ 11.5%,播种密度9.2%。因此,在小麦/西瓜/玉米间作体系中,应适当调控小麦播量,优化西瓜的钾肥和玉米的氮肥投入量,促进该间作模式的产量优势。     

Breeding for organic agriculture: the example of winter wheat in Austria

Breeding for organic agriculture (BFOA) is a strategy for a commercial breeding company based on the exploitation of the frequently observed high correlation for many traits between conventional, low input (LI) and organic agriculture (ORG). Indirect selection under LI can be useful to roughly divide the germplasm into the genotypes better adapted to high input and those better adapted to LI or ORG conditions. BFOA is an evolving process, in which two methods are currently applied: early generations are either selected following the pedigree system under LI, or grown as bulk populations on ORG fields. In the latter case the system switches to LI after individual ear selection under ORG conditions. In both methods, the first replicated yield trial is grown parallel under ORG and LI. Subsequently, the genotypes are grouped into conventional or ORG advanced trial series. The BFOA strategy allows that the larger genetic variability of both the organic and conventional gene pool can be exploited in the selection for ORG. Hitherto, seven winter wheat varieties were released in Austria after exclusive organic VCU testing.