外源氮输入对黄河口碱蓬湿地土壤碳氮含量动态的影响

2014年4—11月,选择黄河入海口北部滨岸高潮滩的碱蓬湿地为研究对象,基于野外原位氮输入模拟试验,研究了不同氮输入梯度下(N0,无氮输入;N1,低氮输入;N2,中氮输入;N3,高氮输入)湿地土壤碳氮含量动态特征及其差异。结果表明,不同氮输入处理下土壤的SOC、TN、NH_4~+—N和NO_3~-—N含量整体上均随着土层深度的增加而逐渐降低,各土层的SOC和NO_3~-—N含量在N2处理最高,而TN和NH_4~+—N含量在N3处理最高。尽管不同氮输入处理并未改变湿地土壤中TN和NH_4~+—N含量的动态变化模式,但随氮负荷增强二者含量均呈增加趋势。不同的氮输入处理明显改变了土壤中SOC和NO_3~-—N的动态变化模式,适量氮输入(N1和N2)明显提高了土壤中的NO_3~-—N含量,过量氮输入(N3)则不利于NO_3~-—N的累积;不同氮输入处理下(特别是N2和N3处理)湿地表层土壤(0—20cm)的SOC含量在7月中旬后远大于N0处理(P0.05),说明持续的氮输入可能不利于表层土壤中SOC的转化。研究发现,当未来黄河口湿地氮养分达到N1和N2水平时将有利于土壤氮矿化,而这将使得土壤氮养分的供给更为充足;但氮负荷持续增强可能使土壤表层的SOC转化受到抑制,而这将有助于提升土壤的储碳功能。     

Canola genotypes differ in potassium efficiency during vegetative growth

There is no knowledge about the differential capacity of canola genotypes to take up potassium (K) and produce dry matter under conditions of low soil K availability. Hence, 84 canola genotypes were screened for K efficiency in the glasshouse. Plants were grown in sealed pots containing K-responsive, sandy soil without or with K added. Twelve genotypes were selected for advanced screening in the glasshouse in a different K-responsive soil. Genotypes with a mean K efficiency ratio (the ratio of shoot dry weight at deficient and adequate K supply) greater than one standard error above or below the median genotype value were classified as K-efficient or K-inefficient, respectively. There were significant differences between genotypes in the K efficiency ratio in both screening experiments, indicating that genotypes responded differently to K availability. In the initial screening experiment, 19 genotypes were rated as K-efficient and nine genotypes rated as K-inefficient based on the K efficiency ratio. In the advanced screening experiment with 12 genotypes, three genotypes were rated as K-efficient and two as K-inefficient. Genotypes Wesbarker and Rainbow were K-efficient and Genkai K-inefficient in both experiments. Correlation of the K efficiency ratio with (i) shoot K content in the initial and advanced screening and (ii) shoot K concentration in the advanced screening, indicates that the observed differences in K efficiency were due to genotypic differences in both the uptake and the utilization of K. K-efficient genotypes have a potential to improve canola yields on soils with low K availability.     

农田生态系统生产力演变及驱动力

 依据农田生态系统水、肥、产量关系长期田间定位试验资料,系统分析了旱作农业区农田生态系统生产力及其限制因子的演变过程,探讨了对限制该区生产力提高的水、肥因子的主次及转化问题。结果表明,生产力水平较低时,肥是首要限制因子;随着化肥投入的增加和生产力水平的提高,水分因子逐渐转化成为首要限制因子。化肥和地膜覆盖栽培是该区生产力跃升和稳定的主要驱动力。     

渭北旱原冬小麦不同覆盖栽培模式的节水效益

在陕西渭北旱原区,通过田间试验对冬小麦不同覆盖栽培模式的水分利用效率、节水增产效果和投入产出进行详细的分析,并对不同覆盖栽培模式的节水增产机理进行了探讨。研究结果表明：渭北旱原区冬小麦不同覆盖栽培模式均优于常规栽培,垄覆膜沟覆秸秆更为突出。垄覆膜沟覆秸秆栽培模式提高水分利用效率到11.59 kg·mm^-1·hm^-2,单位粮食生产节水量达到37.21%～39.85%,单位耗水量增产达到58.68%～66.25%,产投比为1.34∶1,均高于其它覆盖栽培模式。垄覆膜沟覆秸秆模式栽培技术是提高旱地冬小麦产量和经济效益的有效途径之一。     

江西省农田重金属污染现状及防治对策研究

近年来,江西省农田土壤重金属污染严重,采矿、畜禽粪便、污水是主要的重金属污染源。笔者分析总结了江西省农田重金属污染的状况、区域特征及其防治中存在的主要问题,并提出了相应的防治对策和建议。     

我国柑橘产业投入产出效率测算、趋势及改进

为了更为深入地认识我国柑橘产业发展水平,选用DEA模型方法,对1996要2011年间我国柑橘产业投入产出效率进行了测算与分析。结果显示：1996要2011年间,我国柑橘产业投入产出的综合技术效率整体较高且波动较大,变动趋势以2002年为界大致分为两个阶段,呈先降后升趋势;部分年份投入产出效率非DEA有效的原因普遍为投入产出结构和规模皆不合理,体制机制改革对我国柑橘产业投入产出效率有较大影响;主产品产量和直接生产费用是对我国柑橘产业投入产出效率影响较大的因素。基于此,提出减小柑橘生产投入或产出因素的市场波动,抑制生产规模的盲目扩张袁重视经济效益特别是橘农收益以及合理有效地配置各项投入要素等相应的改进建议。     

基于ASP.net的海南省耕地资源储备数据库管理系统的设计与实现

随着经济的发展和开发建设,海南有限的耕地资源在不断减少。海南省耕地储备资源数据库的建立,能妥善解决重点项目建设占用耕地历史的遗留问题,确保海南省实现耕地总量动态平衡和耕地占补平衡,推动海南省耕地资源储备与土地开发整理产业化。本文主要介绍了采用B/S结构的海南省耕地资源储备数据库管理系统的设计与实现过程。该系统以Asp.net和SQL Server 2000数据库技术为开发工具,实现了海南省耕地资源储备管理的系统化、网络化、规范化和自动化。     

Traditional homegardens of Kerala: a sustainable human ecosystem

An analogue approach to analysing the traditional homegardens of Keralavis-à-vis natural climax ecosystems is adopted. The traditional homegarden is apparently a climax ecosystem, where ecological succession is consciously manipulated by human beings. High intensity of vertical and horizontal space use, the highly dynamic chronological structure and the capacity to perform essential ecological processes make this ecosystem relatively sustainable. Homegardens in Kerala effectively serve as human ecosystems with their low input demand, staggered supply of outputs, and enhancement of habitat quality. However, recent trends in agrarian structure and the high market orientation exert pressures on the homegarden, and its sustainability as a human ecosystem is in question.This joint paper is based on part of the research conducted by Darley Jose for the degree of M.Sc. (Natural Resource Management) at the Agricultural University of Norway under the guidance of N. Shanmugaratnam.     

华北地区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系的氮素循环与平衡

对华北地区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系农田氮素输入输出的数量特征、平衡状况进行了分析,并评估其优化潜力。研究表明,华北地区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系农田每年的氮素输入中,化学氮肥、农家肥、降水、灌溉、非生物固氮和种子带入农田的氮分别为545、68、21、15、15和5kghm-2a-1,氮素年输入总量为669kghm-2a-1;每年的氮素输出中,作物收获带走的氮为311kghm-2a-1,而氨挥发、反硝化和淋洗损失的氮分别为120、16和136kghm-2a-1,氮素年输出总量为583kghm-2a-1;氮素年盈余量为86kghm-2a-1。目前我国华北地区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系农田氮素处于大量赢余状态,从而导致氮素大量损失。因此,加强氮肥管理,提高氮肥利用率,加大有机肥施用的力度,是华北地区农田氮素资源管理的长期任务。     

长江三角洲地区土壤环境质量与修复研究Ⅴ.废旧电子产品拆解场周边农田土壤含氯有机污染物残留特征

对长江三角洲地区某废旧电容器拆解场地周边农田基本保护区表层水稻土中含氯有机化合物的组成及含量进行初步研究。结果表明,供试土壤中20种PCBs总含量在84.19~377.4μg kg-1之间,平均含量为204.8μg kg-1,其中二氯、三氯、四氯代同系物总和占总PCBs的73.7%~96.2%,存在着PCBs的外源输入。HCH的总含量为10.61~33.11μg kg-1,DDT总含量为11.36~33.28μg kg-1,残留水平较低,但β-HCH、γ-HCH、∑HCH和∑DDT的平均含量均高于荷兰土壤标准的目标值。此外,DDT与土壤有机碳呈显著负相关,而其他含氯有机化合物的含量并未呈现出与土壤有机碳的相关性。