LYC-b基因反义表达对番茄果实番茄红素含量的影响

【目的】研究番茄红素β-环化酶(LYC-b)基因反义表达对番茄果实中番茄红素含量的影响,为番茄品质育种提供新方法。【方法】以番茄品种"TTI1117A"和"灵光3号"为材料,构建了分别由CaMV35S启动子驱动的GUS标记基因和反义LYC-b5′基因双价植物表达载体,通过农杆菌GV3101介导,将基因整合到番茄基因组中,采用GUS、PCR以及RT-PCR、Northern杂交进行检测,并测定了转基因植株果实中的番茄红素含量。【结果】由GUS、PCR检测结果可知,筛选出1株"TTI1117A"和4株"灵光3号"转基因植株;RT-PCR、Northern杂交检测结果表明,目的基因在RNA水平上已经表达;对番茄果实中番茄红素含量的测定结果表明,转基因植株果实中番茄红素含量均高于未转基因植株。【结论】LYC-b基因的反义表达具有提高番茄果实中番茄红素含量的作用。     

盐胁迫对苗期番茄蔗糖代谢的影响

研究了不同浓度盐胁迫下番茄苗期蔗糖代谢相关酶（转化酶、蔗糖合成酶、蔗糖磷酸合成酶）的活性变化与糖积累的关系。结果表明：盐胁迫在一定程度上可以提高番茄幼苗体内的果糖和葡萄糖含量,降低蔗糖的含量。短期盐胁迫可以提高番茄幼苗体内转化酶的活性,使相应的可溶性酸性转化酶mRNA水平提高,处理后期转化酶活性及可溶性酸性转化酶mRNA水平下降;蔗糖合成酶和蔗糖磷酸合成酶的活性降低,但与对照之间的差异不显著;表明盐胁迫主要通过调节转化酶表达与活性变化来影响番茄苗期的蔗糖代谢水平。     

资源植物野生金荞麦的研究进展

中国地大物博,有30000多种高等植物,居北半球之首,其中资源植物十分丰富,也是天然药物主产国之一。自20世纪70年代以来,中国的资源植物研究尤其是药用植物的研究发展迅猛,近20年来,从天然产物中开发各种新药成为世界科学家研究的热点。中国是世界荞麦的起源中心,也是遗传多样性中心。野生金荞麦（Fagopyrum dibotrys）系蓼科荞麦属多年生草本植物,原产于中国西南,分布于陕西、江苏、浙江、江西、河南、湖北、湖南、广西、广东、四川、重庆及云南等省区,是一种营养丰富并具有重要药用价值的资源植物。野生金荞麦中蕴涵着丰富的优异基因,作为中国重要的传统中药材,金荞麦的块根活性提取物（植物次生代谢产物）具有显著的抗癌,抑制肿瘤细胞肺侵袭和转移,以及消炎抗菌等重要作用,是多种有效药物的主要成分之一。除此之外,由于其籽粒蛋白质的组分全,必需氨基酸含量高,富含维生素和微量元素,使其成为一种较理想的保健食品的选用成分。目前,由于人工栽培产量的限制,加之栽培品种在营养价值上、药用有效活性成分和效价上均低于野生品种,这就造成了对野生金荞麦资源的大量需求,从而对野生资源造成了极大的破坏。鉴于此,中国现已将其列为国家二级保护植物。国内外已经展开了资源收集、多样性、生理特性、育种、药效学以及生态环境等方面的研究,基于活性成分合成的功能基因的研究,国内外还未见报道,为了进一步开发野生金荞麦的利用价值,发掘其优异的功能基因,并保护其野生基因资源,综述了野生金荞麦在本草、原植物分类及分布、多样性、核形、化学及功能成分、药理药效、生态环境、栽培及组织培养方面研究的新进展,并从基础研究、组织培养、基因工程、抗癌机理研究、育种研究、保健品开发等方面作了展望。     

Biocontrol of the pathogen Phytophthora parasitica by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi is a consequence of effects on infection loci

The impact of colonization by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) Glomus mosseae on tomato root necrosis caused by the soil-borne pathogen Phytophthora parasitica was investigated. Studies in situ permitted infection loci to be identified and the effects of the AMF on numbers to be elucidated. Effects were significant and, 7 and 16 days after inoculation with zoospores of the pathogen, roots of plants colonized by the AMF had 39% and 30%, respectively, fewer infection loci than those that were not. Concurrent studies of the rate of spread of necrosis within roots showed no changes caused by the AMF. At harvest, 26 days following inoculation with the pathogen, 61% of roots of noncolonized plants were necrotic compared with only 31% in AMF-colonized plants. It is concluded that effects on numbers of infection loci are one mechanism via which AMF achieve biocontrol of this pathogen in tomato. Measures of the effects of the AMF on root system architecture suggest that no significant changes occur and are thus not the reasons for the reduction in infection loci. The implications of these data for agricultural practice and biocontrol research are discussed.     

普通荞麦染色体的原位PCR技术研究

[目的]探索一种适合荞麦的简单易行的染色体原位PCR技术。[方法]采用16S套式引物、4．5S套式引物与psbA引物,以栽培甜荞为材料,进行染色体原位PCR、原位套式PCR与多次原位PCR试验。[结果]高温干燥可以起到与包埋类似的作用;染色体的原位套式PCR效果比原位PCR明显,多次原位PCR次数为5-6效果较佳。16S引物和4．5S引物均显示了4对信号,但位置不同;而psbA引物是单拷贝的,仅显示出1对信号。根据这些信号的位置差异可以区分普通荞麦的5对染色体。[结论]所使用的荞麦染色体原位PCR技术简单易行。     

盐胁迫对樱桃番茄风味品质的影响

为探究盐分胁迫对樱桃番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. var. cerasiforme Alef)风味的影响,本研究以樱桃5号为试验材料,探究了不同含盐量[T1:0.05 g·kg^-1(CK)、T2:1.5 g·kg^-1、T3:3 g·kg^-1、T4:4.5 g·kg^-1、T5:6 g·kg^-1]土壤条件下果实糖、酸、氨基酸、芳香类物质含量的变化。结果表明,各处理果实中果糖和葡萄糖含量较高,占糖类物质总量的94.88%~95.97%;盐胁迫能促进果实中糖类物质的积累,其中果糖在T5含量最高,较对照增加了18.34%,葡萄糖在T3含量最高,较对照显著增加了29.06%。果实中有机酸以柠檬酸和苹果酸为主,占总量的88.30%~91.60%,随着盐分的增加有机酸含量呈先升高后降低的趋势,柠檬酸和苹果酸含量均在T3最高,分别较对照显著增加了61.40%和129.90%,且有机酸总含量是对照的1.71倍。盐胁迫对樱桃番茄的氨基酸含量也有一定影响,盐胁迫处理果实中谷氨酸和天冬氨酸含量较高;除蛋氨酸外,各氨基酸含量均以T3最高。各处理果实中共检出47种芳香物质,其中醛类12种、酮类5种、醇类14种、酯类3种;盐胁迫处理番茄果实中芳香物质的种类较多,且相对含量高,其中2-已烯醛、香叶基丙酮、2-异丁基噻唑含量与对照有明显差异,是盐胁迫下影响番茄风味的重要芳香物质。本研究结果为盐胁迫提升樱桃番茄风味品质提供了数据支撑。     

Effects of buckwheat growth on variation of aluminum and major metals in root‐zone soil solutions

The variation in and relationships between aluminum and other major metals including Ca, Mg, Mn, and K in root‐zone soil solutions were studied by growing buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench. cv. Jiangxi), an Al accumulator, in pots filled with an acid soil amended with CaCO₃ and unamended controls with a preinstalled nondestructive soil‐solution sampler. Soil solutions were collected every 7 d with a syringe connected to the sampler. The results showed that pH of the soil solution was not the only factor controlling the concentration of Al. Significant positive linear correlations were found between Al and Ca as well as between Al and Mg in soil solutions from the controls. The ratio of base cations (BC, Ca+Mg) to Al might partly explain the high Al resistance of buckwheat. Oxalate secretion from roots significantly activated Al in acid soils, which may be important for changes of Al in soil solutions, but it also caused decreased concentrations of Ca, Mg, and Mn. It is concluded that the variation of metal concentrations including Al, Ca, Mg, and Mn is a holistic effect involving competition for exchange sites among Ca, Mg, H, and Al, the chelation by oxalate secreted from roots, and metal uptake by buckwheat.     

A coating composed of chitosan and Cymbopogon citratus (Dc. Ex Nees) essential oil to control Rhizopus soft rot and quality in tomato fruit stored at room temperature

This study evaluated the efficacy of the combined application of chitosan (CHI) and Cymbopogon citratus (Dc. Ex Nees) (lemongrass) essential oil (CCEO) to control Rhizopus stolonifer in fresh tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) fruit at room temperature (25°C) storage. The effects of the treatment (CHI and CCEO) on some quality characteristics of the fruit, namely weight loss, firmness, soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH, ascorbic acid, color, and sensory acceptability were also assessed. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of CHI and CCEO against R. stolonifer were 8 mg/mL and 5 µL/mL, respectively. Subinhibitory concentrations of CHI and CCEO (CHI 4 mg/mL, CCEO 1.25 µL/mL), alone and in combination, inhibited fungal spore germination and damaged spore membrane integrity. The CHI-CCEO coating decreased the severity of Rhizopus soft rot in tomato fruit; however, the coating more strongly delayed the infection when the fruit were artificially contaminated after coating application. The application of the coating preserved the general quality of tomato fruit as measured using a variety of physicochemical and sensory attributes. These results indicate that coatings composed of CHI and CCEO could represent promising postharvest treatments to inhibit Rhizopus soft rot in tomato fruit.     

持续干旱对金荞麦生长、生理生态特性的影响及抗旱性评价

为探讨金荞麦（Fagopyrum dibotrys）对持续干旱胁迫的适应对策和能力,揭示其抗旱机制,本试验以8个优异金荞麦种质为试验材料,采用室内盆栽模拟干旱胁迫法,研究持续干旱下金荞麦细胞膜脂过氧化、渗透调节物质、保护酶活性、光合及叶绿素荧光参数变化和植株生长情况,并利用主成分与隶属函数综合评价其抗旱性。结果表明,干旱胁迫下金荞麦的脯氨酸（Pro）、可溶性糖（SS）等渗透调节物质累积,维持细胞膨压;SOD,POD和CAT等抗氧化酶活性增加,保护细胞膜免遭伤害。SS的渗透调节能力强于Pro。SOD和CAT酶在活性氧清除反应过程中,首先发挥作用。抗旱性强的金荞麦非光化学猝灭升高,保护细胞及光合结构不受损伤;叶面积、气孔导度和蒸腾速率降低,地下生物量增加保证了较高的水分利用率。8个金荞麦材料的抗旱性顺序为：JQ6 >JQ3 >JQ2 >JQ4 >JQ1 >JQ8 >JQ5 >JQ7。