三聚氰胺-尿素-甲醛共缩聚树脂固化过程分析

采用液体核磁（¹³C-NMR）以及傅里叶红外光谱（FTIR）对三聚氰胺-尿素-甲醛(MUF)液态树脂的结构组成进行了分析,并充分利用红外光谱辅以DSC分析,考察了树脂的固化过程以及结构的变化。结果表明,树脂固化主要发生在羟甲基之间以及与活性氢之间的缩合反应,固化剂的加入可以促进羟甲基的固化交联反应,加快固化速度,促使固化反应更完全。     

Droplet spectra and high-speed wind tunnel evaluation of air induction nozzles

A series of air induction nozzles were tested in a high-speed wind tunnel. Droplet size spectra were measured for four air induction nozzles (IDK-120-01, IDK-120-02, IDK-120-03 and IDK-120-04) each at three spray pressures (0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 MPa) and seven different air velocities (121.7, 153.4, 185.5, 218.4, 253.5, 277.5 and 305.5 km·h⁻¹). The measurement distance (0.15, 0.25 and 0.35 m) from the nozzle orifice was found to be important for the atomization of the droplets. The response surface method was used to analyze the experimental data. The results indicated that Dv_0.1 and Dv_0.5 of the droplets decreased quasi-linearly with increased wind speed, while Dv_0.9 was affected by the quadratic of wind speed. Dv_0.1, Dv_0.5 and Dv_0.9 of the droplets were all proportional to the orifice size, and were not markedly influenced by the spray pressure. The percentage of the spray volume consisting of droplets with a diameter below 100 mm (%<100 mm) was found to be quadratically related to wind speed, and was not markedly influenced by the spray pressure and orifice size. However, the effect of the orifice size on the %< 200 mm could not be ignored.     

基于可见/近红外光谱的牛肉品质无损检测系统改进

含水率、颜色和pH值是牛肉的重要品质指标,近年来可见/近红外光谱因其成本低、快速无损等特点被广泛应用于肉品检测中。针对现有探头采集样品面积过小、代表性差等问题,利用高效的环形光源对双通道可见/近红外光谱系统进行改进,建立了一种高效、稳定的双通道可见近红外光谱系统。首先,基于多次采集生鲜牛肉样品获得400~2450nm波段的有效光谱数据,对改进前反射探头和环形探头的性能进行了对比分析,发现环形探头的稳定性更有优势,在整个波段的变异系数均小于10%。然后利用改进后探头组成的系统采集了61块生鲜牛肉样品的可见/近红外光谱数据。采用了无处理、SG平滑、哈尔变换、一阶导数、二阶导数、标准正态变换、多元散射校正、去趋势化以及各方法组合等方法对光谱数据进行预处理。利用第1波段数据建立颜色参数L*、 a* 、b*的偏最小二乘模型,分别利用第1波段数据、第2波段数据和双波段数据（双波段简单拼接）建立含水率和pH值的PLSR模型并进行了对比。结果发现：第1波段的数据无需经过预处理,即可对颜色参数L*、 a* 、b*取得较好的预测结果,其PLSR模型验证集相关系数和标准误差分别为0.9603、0.9616、0.9367和1.3332、1.1844、0.6553;对于含水率和pH值,无论光谱数据是否经过预处理,第1波段数据的建模效果要好于第2波段数据,但是经过预处理的双波段数据（400~2450nm波段）能够取得更好的预测结果,其PLSR模型验证集相关系数和标准误差分别为0.9541、0.8716和0.5475、0.1272。结果证明,基于高效环形探头的双通道可见近红外光谱系统建立的牛肉多品质参数预测模型,可实现准确、无损、快速检测,获得比较稳定的检测结果。     

滩涂土壤有机质含量的反射光谱估算

Rapid determination of soil organic matter (SOM) using regression models based on soil reflectance spectral data serves an important function in precision agriculture. “deviation of arch”(DOA)-based regression and partial least squares regression (PLSR) are two popular modeling approaches to predict SOM. However, few studies have explored the accuracy of the DOA-based regression and PLSR models. Therefore, the DOA-based regression and PLSR were applied to the visible near-infrared (VNIR) spectra to estimate SOM content in the case of various dataset divisions. A two-fold cross-validation scheme was adopted and repeated 10 000 times for rigorous evaluation of the DOA-based models in comparison with the widely used PLSR model. Soil samples were collected for SOM analysis in the coastal area of northern Jiangsu Province, China. The results indicated that both modelling methods provided reasonable estimates of SOM, with PLSR outperforming DOA-based regression in general. However, the performance of PLSR for the validation dataset decreased more noticeably. Among the four DOA-based models, the linear model of the DOA provided the best estimation of SOM and a cutoff of SOM content (19.76 g kg^-1), and the performance for calibration and validation datasets was consistent. As the SOM content exceeded 19.76 g kg^-1, SOM became more effective in masking the spectral features of other soil properties to a certain extent. This work confirmed that reflectance spectroscopy combined with PLSR could serve as a non-destructive and cost-efficient way for rapid determination of SOM when hyperspectral data were available. The DOA-based model, which requires only 3 bands in the visible spectra, also provided SOM estimation with acceptable accuracy.     

Interpretation of infrared spectra for OM characterization of soil structural surfaces of Bt‐horizons

The surfaces of macropores or aggregates can act as hot spots for biogeochemical processes and solute transport during preferential flow. For the characterization of organic matter (OM) at macropore surfaces non‐destructive methods have been applied such as diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFT). However, effects of organic components on DRIFT signal intensities are often difficult to distinguish from those of mineral components. Here, DRIFT spectra from intact earthworm burrow walls and coated cracks were re‐evaluated to improve the interpretation of C–H and C=O bands. We compared DRIFT and transmission Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of entire samples that were from the same pedogenetic soil horizon (Bt) but different in mineral composition and texture (i.e., glacial till vs. loess). Spectra of incinerated samples were subtracted from the original spectra. Transmission FTIR and DRIFT spectra were almost identical for entire soil samples. However, the DRIFT spectra were affected by the bulk mode bands (i.e., wavenumbers 2000 to 1700 cm^?1). These bands affected spectral resolution and reproducibility. The ratios between C–H and C=O band intensities as indicator for OM quality obtained with DRIFT were smaller than those obtained from transmission FTIR. The results demonstrated that DRIFT and transmission FTIR data required separate interpretations. DRIFT spectroscopy as a non‐destructive method for analyzing OM composition at intact surfaces in structured soils could be calibrated with information obtained with the more detailed transmission FTIR and complementary methods. Spectral subtraction procedure was found useful to reduce effects of mineral absorption bands. The improved DRIFT data may be related to other soil properties (e.g., cation exchange capacity) of hot spots in structured soils.     

基于红外光谱的木材自身耐久性分析

木材与人类的生活息息相关,在建筑、装饰与装修等方面得到广泛使用。为延长木材的耐久性,选取枣木,榆木,樟子松和云杉,比较其木粉和木质素的红外光谱图,测量碳(C)、氮(N)含量、计算C/N比值,提取木质素含量、木质素密度及萃取物含量和总萃取物密度等,并进行分析比较。结果表明,最耐久的枣木,C/N值最大,木质素密度最大,总萃取物密度最大,从其红外光谱图可以看出,枣木的耐久性最好,木质素的愈创木基（G）/紫丁香基（S）比值最低。     

Effects of Drying Condition on Physico-chemical Properties of Foam-mat Dried Shrimp Powder

ABSTRACT

The effects of drying parameters on moisture content, water activity, bulk density, water binding capacity (WBC), oil absorption, and color parameters (L*,a*, b*) of foam-mat dried shrimp powders were investigated. Shrimp purees were dried as a foam mat at different drying temperatures (50ºC, 60ºC, and 70ºC) and thicknesses of the foam layer (4 and 8 mm). The experimental results showed that as the temperature increased, the moisture content, water activity, and oil absorption of the samples decreased. However, their solubility increased significantly (P ?0.05). Bulk density of shrimp powder increased with increasing the thickness of the foam layer. Increasing temperature led to increased and decreased WBC with 4 and 8 mm thickness, respectively. Furthermore, the a*, b*, and L* (at 8 mm thickness) decreased with increasing temperature; however, L* increased at 4 mm thickness. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra showed some major shifts, such as in the region of 1000–1700 cm^?1, related to C–O, C–O–C, and C–H band stretching. The differential scanning calorimetry thermograms showed a large peak with a denaturation peak around 72ºC for shrimp proteins.     

Influence of citric acid and water on thermoplastic wheat flour/poly(lactic acid) blends. I: Thermal, mechanical and morphological properties

Wheat flour was plasticized with glycerol and compounded with poly(lactic acid) in a one-step twin-screw extrusion process in the presence of citric acid with or without extra water. The influence of these additives on process parameters and thermal, mechanical and morphological properties of injected samples from the prepared blends, was then studied.Citric acid acted as a compatibilizer by promoting depolymerization of both starch and PLA. For an extrusion without extra water, the amount of citric acid (2 parts for 75 parts of flour, 25 parts of PLA and 15 parts of glycerol) has to be limited to avoid mechanical properties degradation. Water, added during the extrusion, improved the whole process, minimizing PLA depolymerization, favoring starch plasticization by citric acid and thus improving phases repartition.     

Molecular genetic mapping of NIR spectra variation

A novel analytical approach was used to identify associations between Near-Infrared (NIR) spectral fingerprints and segments of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) chromosomes indicating the location of genetic factors contributing to variation in NIR spectra. To identify the genetic factors, environmental and experimental variability were removed from the spectra using spatial mixed models. These corrected spectra were combined with the molecular genetic analysis of wheat lines from a structured population derived from a Carnamah by WAWHT2046 doubled haploid set of progeny. The association of chromosome segments with specific NIR wavelengths was established using all-subset regression and canonical correlation methodology. These improved processes for analysing NIR spectra were validated using 161 lines in breeding trials analysed over a period of 3 years across 40 sites.     

基于近红外光谱技术的叶面药液浓度检测

提出了一种应用近红外光谱技术快速检测叶面药液浓度的方法。采用漫反射测量方式获取了叶面药液的近红外光谱。选用标准偏差归一化、三点滑动平均滤波和一阶导数为最优组合预处理。通过7种波段方案的对比,得出最优波段为350～1 900 nm。采用偏最小二乘法建立了叶面药液质量浓度与光谱反射率的定量分析模型。其预测集相关系数为0.994,预测均方根误差为0.039。结果表明,利用近红外光谱技术检测叶面药液浓度具有实际指导意义。