Cross‐linked polyacrylates in post‐mining substrates: persistence and effects on plant growth

Application of hydrophilic polymers composed of cross‐linked polyacrylate can improve soil water‐holding capacity and accelerate the restoration of post‐mining substrates. In this work, we studied the persistence of a polyacrylate polymer incorporated into a soil and its impact on plant nutrients at a reclamation site of former lignite mining in Lusatia (Germany). In contrast to autumn application, the incorporation of the polymer enhanced the sequestration of plant‐derived carbon in the soil, which was reflected by a significant increase in the concentration of a lignin marker. Attenuated total reflexion–Fourier transform infrared spectra (ATR‐FTIR) and total elemental contents in the applied polymer suggested an intensive cation exchange between the polymer framework and the soil‐forming substrate. In addition, there was an enrichment of carbonaceous material, which seems to reduce the swelling and thus the water‐holding capacity of the cross‐linked polyacrylate. Conversely, this process protected the polymer structure from rapid decomposition.     

I-214杨木光变色的规律及机理研究

以I-214杨木单板为试材、氙光作为辐射光源,考察I-214杨木单板在100h光照过程中试材表面材色的变化规律;依据红外光谱图的谱峰位置和谱峰相对吸收强度,分析和确定光变色过程中杨木木材的化学组分。结果表明:杨木木材受光辐射易发生变色,主要表现为明度指数L*降低,色度指数a*、b*上升;若以波数1510cm-1为基准,非共轭羰基C?O振动的吸收峰(1738cm-1)吸收强度显著增强;共轭羰基C?O伸缩振动的吸收峰(1650cm-1)有所增强;芳香环骨架C—C振动的吸收峰(1510cm-1)吸收强度明显减弱;C—O—H振动的吸收峰(1160～1052cm-1)吸收强度有所减弱。     

中原牡丹花黄酮定量方法的研究

借助于紫外扫描,通过对氯化铝显色法、硝酸铝—亚硝酸钠显色法和直接测定法3种比色方法与高效液相色谱法测定结果的对比和方法评价的研究,确定了直接测定法(测定波长为350 nm)是一种操作简单、结果较准确的方法。以芦丁为标准品,可用于中原牡丹花黄酮含量的快速测定。     

感染烟草花叶病毒(TMV)的烟叶在显症前的荧光光谱变化

通过测试ＴＭＶ侵染叶片的叶绿素含量与荧光光谱特征的动态变化，分析影响荧光光谱的因素，在以４８０ｎｍ作为激发波长时，叶片６８５ｎｍ与７４０ｎｍ荧光强度之比（Ｆ６８５／Ｆ７４０）随着病毒侵染时间的延长而增加，叶绿素含量则随着病毒侵染时间的延长而降低，因此提出可用Ｆ６８５／Ｆ７４０与叶绿素含量之比作为ＴＭＶ早期诊断的指标。     

抗病毒剂对烟草花叶病毒与烟草叶绿体互作的影响

通过测试被烟草花叶病毒（ＴＭＶ）侵染的烟叶片叶绿素含量与荧光光谱特征的变化,发现叶绿素含量随ＴＭＶ侵染时间的延长而降低,Ｆ６８５／Ｆ７４０比值随ＴＭＶ侵染时间的延长而增加。用叶绿素含量、荧光光谱特征可作为筛选抗植物病毒剂的指标。实验结果表明：８种植物抽提物中,紫草、月季抽提物抑制ＴＭＶ与叶绿体的结合活性高。     

5种花梨木的红外光谱比较分析

为了提供识别花梨木品种的新思路和新方法,采用红外光谱分析方法,对越柬紫檀、刺猬紫檀、印度紫檀、大果紫檀、鸟足紫檀5种花梨木的一维红外光谱(FTIR)、二阶导数光谱(SDIR)、二维相关红外光谱(2DIR)进行对比分析。结果表明:1)在FTIR谱图中,5种花梨木在781 cm-1处的差异可以把越柬紫檀和刺猬紫檀与其他3种花梨木区分开;2)在SDIR 谱图中,刺猬紫檀在1 179 cm-1处存在1个吸收峰;大果紫檀在781 cm-1处存在吸收峰;鸟足紫檀在1 351、1 299、1 147、1 131、938 cm-1处都有明显的吸收峰,而印度紫檀没有吸收峰;3)在2DIR谱图中,1 100、1 150、1 258 cm-1处的差异可以将刺猬紫檀与其他4种花梨木区分开,1 467、1 518 cm-1处的差异可以把越柬紫檀、刺猬紫檀与鸟足紫檀区分开来。单独使用2DIR识别方法并不能把5种花梨木完全区分,但将FTIR、SDIR、2DIR这3种方法结合可以实现5种花梨木的区分,也有助于红木树种的无损识别。      

森林土壤有机氮的X光吸收近边结构光谱技术测定

本研究通过采用氮的K边X光吸收近边结构(XANES)技术来了解森林土壤有机氮,以此深入研究土壤中有机氮种类与其转化的定量关系。土壤样品采自台湾中部的云杉、铁杉林与草地。结果表明,氮的 XANES 可以揭示样品中不同的氮的种类。在土壤腐植质、可溶性氮及本体土壤中胺态及吡咯氮占了主要的比率。然而不同处理及植被下的土壤样品氮的种类分布是不同的。云杉与铁杉土壤可溶性有机氮在402.3 eV 能量处有显著的差异。在A层土壤中,吡啶类氮含量要显著高于O层土壤,说明氮在不同土层中的转化率存在极大的差异,这种变化对于氮在森林土壤中的循环将起重要作用。图3表1参8。     

Lignin Characterization of Triploid Clones of Populus tomentosa Carr.

In order to understand the structural characteristics of lignin in triploid clones ofPopulus tomentosa and its changes in the processes of pulping and bleaching, milled wood lignin （MWL）, lignin carbohydrate complex （LCC） and the residual lignin from kraft pulp （KP） and sulfite pulp （SP） were isolated and analyzed by Fourier transform infrared （FTIR） spectrum and ^13C nuclear magnetic resonance （NMR）. The most diagnostic peaks were assigned and the differences were discussed. The spectral patterns reveal that triploid P tomentosa shows the specific features of hardwood from temperate areas, but in the spectrum of FTIR, the strength ratio orAl270 cm^-1 to A1226 cm^-1 is 0.88, higher than the average of hardwood from temperate areas, which will make the lignin delignification more difficult during pulping and bleaching. The LCC from triploid P tomentosa is mainly composed of xyloglucan and glucuronic acid, and other glucides have much lower ratio. In LCC FTIR, there are three peaks at 1 427, 1 329 and 1 046 cm^-1, indicating that both semi-cellulose and cellulose could exist in LCC, and that there might be relationships between cellulose and lignin. Compared with the residual lignin from KP and SP, the condensed structure in KP is more than that in SP.     

Liquefaction and product identification of main chemical compositions of wood in phenol

To clarify liquefaction ratios and their construction variations of the main chemical compositions of wood in phenol using phosphoric acid as a catalyst, the chemical ingredients of wood such as holocellulose, cellulose and lignin, were measured and extracted according to GB methods. With Fourier transform infrared （FTIR）, the product identification of reactant before and after liquefaction in phenol was investigated. The molecular weights and their distributions of the liquefaction results （acetone soluble parts） were studied by gel permeation chromatography （GPC）. Results show that the molecular weights and their distributions of poplar and Chinese fir are almost the same. In poplar, the distribution of cellulose is the largest, and that ofholocellulose the smallest after liquefaction. For Chinese fir, the distribution of holocellulose is the largest, and that of cellulose the smallest. After liquefaction of poplar cellulose, the change bands of FTIR spectrum observed below 1 600 cm^-1, can be attributed to new substitute groups. The same is true for poplar lignin. For Chinese fir, the spectra of liquefaction results of all chemical compositions differ from that of wood meal. This reveals the more activity groups were produced because of the reactions between Chinese fir and phenol. The research shows that the liquefaction ratios of poplar decrease in the following order： holocellulose 〉 lignin 〉 cellulose, and those of Chinese fir in the order： lignin 〉 cellulose 〉 holocellulose.