几种常用净辐射计算方法在黄淮海平原应用的评价

Penman修正式和FAO Penman-Monteith公式是利用气象资料计算参考作物蒸散量方法中应用最广泛的。这些公式中净辐射是根据温度、日照时数、湿度以及一些当地的参数来计算的。用实测数据评价净辐射计算方法的研究还很少。该文作者利用中国科学院禹城综合试验站实测数据对两个公式中净辐射计算方法在黄淮海平原的应用进行了评价。在Penman修正式中，别尔良德法、彭曼法、布朗特法和邓根云法是常用的净长波辐射计算方法。结果表明：在Penman修正式净辐射公式中，采用别尔良德净长波计算方法误差最小，而且与FAO Penman-Monteith公式中净辐射计算精度一致，但都存在相对误差在11～1月份比其他月份偏大的现象。进一步建立了适合本地区的用总辐射推算净辐射的经验公式。     

Distribution of resistance-breaking isolates of beet necrotic yellow vein virus differing in virulence in sugar beet fields in Turkey

Rhizomania, caused by Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV), is one of the most devastating diseases on sugar beet throughout the world. A total of 235 BNYVV-infested soil samples taken from 29 provinces during the growing seasons of 2004–2005 and 2010–2011 were investigated for resistance-breaking properties of BNYVV isolates. BNYVV resistant (Rz1, Rz1?+?R2, Rz1?+?C48?+?minor genes) and susceptible (rz1) sugar beet cultivars were grown in the BNYVV-infested soils by the bait plant technique, and virus infection was evaluated based on disease symptom and DAS-ELISA. Of the soil samples tested, 57.4% produced infection in the roots of sugar beet cultivar (cv.) containing the Rz1 gene, 51.9% in cv. carrying the Rz1?+?Rz2 and 18.9% in cv. carrying the Rz1?+?C48?+?minor genes. Also, the presence of Beet soil-borne virus (BSBV) was evaluated by TAS-ELISA. Additionally, the presence of BNYVV RNA-5 component was investigated by RT–PCR using the primers specific for p26 coding region. Our results revealed that BNYVV isolates compromising resistance genes are highly common and widespread in sugar beet production areas in Turkey, and it seems unlikely that BSBV and/or RNA-5 were directly involved in RB-event.     

联合国粮农组织专业人员地理代表性研究

该文章阐述了FAO地理代表性体系,包括职位范围和合理区间确定方法,搜集研究了2001-2017年FAO专业人员地理代表性数据变化。本文分别从现实和历史的视角分析了各主要成员国地理代表性状况,预估了分摊会费调整对地理代表性的影响。针对我国地理代表性不足问题,从谋划竞选FAO总干事、督促FAO提高招聘效率、扩大招聘宣传力度、建立高级人才库等方面提出了应对策略。     

48%灭草松水剂防治水稻移栽田杂草试验研究

田间药效试验结果表明:施用48%灭草松水剂对移栽稻田中杂草的防效显著且持久,施药60 d后,对鸭舌草、异型莎草和碎米莎草的综合防效仍保持在80%以上,且鲜重防效和密度防效一致;将杂草防除后,水稻田间中下部的透光率显著提高,离地50 cm处的透光率由4.38%提高至10.42%～12.82%;各处理区杂草的水、肥含量亦显著降低,稻谷产量明显增加。48%灭草松水剂施用剂量以每公顷936～1440 g为宜。     

牛支原体P48蛋白及其片段的表达、纯化及间接ELISA检测方法的建立

为了建立一种快速、特异、敏感的检测牛支原体血清抗体的方法,对牛支原体(M.bovis)P48膜蛋白基因进行密码子优化,并在编码基因两端加入酶切位点。利用生物学软件对P48蛋白进行抗原位点和亲水性分析,选择P48蛋白的主要抗原表位区和亲水性区域以及全基因进行原核表达。采用SDS-PAGE和Western blot对重组蛋白进行鉴定及反应原性分析。结果显示,表达的P48全蛋白、28～185、221～455位氨基酸区域蛋白均能与牛支原体阳性血清发生特异性反应,P48(221～455)效果最好。采用Ni-NTA对目的蛋白进行纯化,并基于纯化的P48(221～455)蛋白建立了一种间接ELISA检测方法。该方法组内及组间变异系数均小于7%,重复性较好。临床样本检测结果表明,建立的检测方法符合率较高。     

若干水稻品种（组合）的等位酶和RAPD遗传分析

利用等位酶标记和RAPD标记技术,对我国不同时期主栽的15个水稻高秆品种、矮秆品种和杂交稻组合的亲缘关系及其遗传背景进行了分析。17种酶的电泳分析共获得34个假定位点,其中9个为多态性位点,占26.5%;获得43个等位基因,其中18个为多态性等位基因。每个位点的平均等位基因数为1.26个,每个多态性位点的平均等位基因数为2.00个。应用Nei’s遗传多样性统计分析表明,供试的水稻品种或组合的总基因多样性（Ht）为0.090,其中品种(组合)内的基因多样性(Hs)为0.044,而品种(组合)间的基因多样性(Dst)为0.046。基因变异系数（Gst）为0.515。RAPD分析表明,杂交稻组合、常规籼稻和粳稻间,其RAPD多态性有较大差异,分别为28%、48%和12.8%。由同工酶数据计算的Nei’s遗传距离创建的聚类分析表明,粳稻品种自成一个聚类组;而杂交稻组合形成一个杂交稻亚组,常规籼稻品种形成常规籼稻亚组,两者形成与粳稻品种有较大差异的聚类组。RAPD数据的聚类分析,进一步证实了杂交稻组合、常规籼稻和粳稻间的这种分子遗传关系。研究结果表明,应用等位酶标记和RAPD标记技术能较好地揭示水稻品种的遗传背景、亲缘关系及其分子演化规律。     

The use of compound 48/80 as a positive control in equine intradermal allergy testing

The macroscopic and microscopic effects following the intradermal injection of the mast cell degranulator compound 48/80 were investigated in horses. It was found that a 1000 μg mL⁻¹ solution of compound 48/80 could be used as an alternative to histamine as a positive control in equine intradermal allergy tests. An inflammatory cell infiltration was noted on histological examination, following compound 48/80 injection. This inflammatory cell pattern was similar to that noted for Type-I hypersensitivity.     

Using farmers' knowledge for defining criteria for land qualities in biophysical land evaluation

The objective of this paper is to present a way of complementing empirical results with farmers' perceptions in defining limiting biophysical land properties in a land suitability evaluation using the FAO framework methodology. The farmers' perceptions were identified using rapid and participatory rural appraisal (RRA/PRA) tools. The study catchment, having a semiarid continental climate and located on the Loess Plateau in northern China, covered an area of 3.5 km². Most of the land users were dependent on subsistence agriculture. There were important topographic variations in the catchment and arable cropping on steep slopes brought about degradation of land due to water erosion. The biophysical monitoring, soil survey and RRA/PRA survey, carried out one year prior to the present investigation, supplied the data needed for identification of preliminary limiting land properties and land evaluation units. The land properties that needed further investigation in the present study were slope aspect, soil workability, flooding hazard and farmers' criteria on choice of land‐use type. The farmers were able to give a comprehensive picture of the spatial and temporal variation and the importance for land‐use options of the land properties concerned, and thereby complement the information gained from empirical results (measurements). In order to guarantee good production for dry as well as wet years, both south‐ and north‐facing sites were chosen for most crops, and the slope aspect did not need to be differentiated in the final land suitability evaluation for arable crops. Grassland, however, was considered to be more suitable than woodland on south‐facing sites. Hard soil layers were found to be important, since they affected soil workability and erosion negatively, giving slightly reduced suitability for the land units in which they occurred. Flooding events affecting crops on alluvial soils negatively were considered to occur once every 5 to 10 years, which is considered to be a low rate, so this property was therefore not included in the final suitability evaluation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

黑农48祖先亲本追溯及蛋白遗传解析

黑农48是黑龙江省农业科学院大豆研究所选育的高蛋白大豆品种,具有高产、抗旱、抗病等特点,深受农民的欢迎,目前在市场占有较大份额。通过对其亲本进行追溯,建立系谱树,分析其亲本的遗传来源及核遗传贡献率,以期为高蛋白大豆育种亲本选择以及选配高蛋白组合提供参考。结果表明:黑农48的细胞质传递过程是:四粒黄→黄宝珠→满仓金→绥农3号→绥农4号→黑农40→黑农48。细胞核传递是由金元、四粒黄、白眉、平地黄、克山四粒荚、十胜长叶、永丰豆、佳木斯突荚子、熊岳小黄豆、通州小黄豆、小粒黄、Amsoy、Anoka、柳叶齐和东农20这15个祖先亲本提供,细胞核遗传贡献率分别是:7.04%、7.04%、5.08%、7.03%、5.47%、12.50%、7.04%、1.95%、2.34%、3.13%、1.56%、6.25%、6.25%、1.56%和0.78%。研究结果表明在选择育种亲本时,应以适应当地气候条件的具有广适性的主栽高蛋白品种为母本,以融入地理远缘基因和生态远缘基因的材料为父本。     

关于"全球重要农业文化遗产"的中文名称及其他

2002年以来,在全球环境基金等的支持下,联合国粮农组织启动了保护全球重要农业文化遗产的项目,并在世界各地选择了5个不同类型的传统农业系统作为首批试点,我国青田县的稻鱼共生系统名列其中。本文介绍了该项目概况、中文名称的由来、以讹传讹的几个错误以及我国项目执行情况,并呼吁应当重视对于农业文化遗产的保护,尽快制定国家农业文化遗产标准,尽快建立农业文化遗产清单。