玉米三种叶斑病混发时的流行过程及产量损失研究

 通过2年的田间小区人工接种试验,观察比较了玉米大斑病、弯孢叶斑病和灰斑病单独及混合发生时的流行过程及对玉米产量损失的影响。结果表明,在病害混发初期,病害间无明显的负相关性,随着病情的发展,病害间的负相关性逐渐增大并达到显著水平,说明病害间有明显的抑制作用。病害混发时造成产量损失并不完全等于各病害单独造成损失之和,其中大斑病和弯孢叶斑病、弯孢叶斑病和灰斑病混合发生所造成的损失约为各病害单独造成损失之和的76%～88%,大斑病和灰斑病混合发生所造成的损失可近似看作两种病害各自引起产量损失之和,3种病害同时发生时最终损失率约为各自造成损失之和的67%～72%。     

玉米秸秆腐解液酚酸物质含量检测及对玉米大斑病菌的影响

通过提取不同时期玉米秸秆腐解液,研究其对玉米大斑病菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发的影响。利用HPLC检测腐解60 d的腐解液,推测其含有对羟基苯甲酸、邻苯二甲酸、香草酸、丁香酸和苯甲酸。通过外源添加法研究酚酸物质对玉米大斑病菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发的影响,结果表明,5种酚酸物质抑制玉米大斑病菌菌丝生长,抑菌率在14.5%~100%,且随浓度的增加抑制作用趋势增强。苯甲酸和邻苯二甲酸在0.125~1 mg/m L浓度下抑制孢子萌发;羟基苯甲酸在0.062 5~1.0 mg/m L浓度下促进孢子萌发。通过田间调查发现,在开始发病时,秸秆还田抑制玉米大斑病病情指数的发展。     

玉米大斑菌Ht-毒素组分分析

 对分别属于玉米大斑病菌(Helminthosporium turcicum)1号和2号生理小种的致病毒素进行硅胶TL层析、薄层扫描和生物监测的结果发现,两个小种的毒性组分不同。2号小种可分离到I(Rf0.50)、Ⅱ(Rf0.36)、Ⅲ(Rf0.67)、Ⅳ(Rf0.80)、Ⅴ(Rf0.13)、Ⅵ(Rf0.25)6种组分,而1号小种最多可分离到除Ⅳ以外的其它5种组分,这些组分均有不同程度的紫外吸收。对在200~360nm有明显紫外吸收的4种组分(Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ)的生物监测结果表明,只有组分Ⅲ对带Ht₁基因和不带Ht₁基因的Oh43和B372对玉米自交系不具任何致病活性,组分Ⅰ、Ⅱ对不带Ht₁基因的玉米自交系具有致病活性,而对带Ht₁基因的玉米自交系却无毒性。值得重视的是组分Ⅳ的致病特性与组分Ⅰ、Ⅱ正好相反,即对带Ht₁基因的玉米自交系具有致病活性,却对不带Ht₁基因的玉米自交系没有致病作用。结论指出,Ht-毒素的TLC组分Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅳ玉米斑菌诱致玉米发病的主要活性成份,其中组分Ⅳ是2号小种与Ht₁基因玉米互作的特异性因子。     

玉米大斑病菌生理小种温度效应的初步研究

对玉米大斑病菌1号和2号2个小种的4个代表菌株的温度效应研究表明,2个小种在菌丝生长速度、菌丝生长量、孢子产生量以及致病毒素产生量等生物学特性方面的温度效应存在着一定的差异。1号小种对温度的适应范围较广,其上述各生物学特性的最适温度分别是25、25、20、20～25℃;而2号小种对温度的要求较1号小种严格,其上述各生物学特性的最适温度分别是20、20、25、15℃。此外还发现在适宜的产孢温度时,2号小种的产孢量极显著地高于1号小种。结论指出,长期以来温度可能是限制2号小种扩展、蔓延的主导因素之一,温度一旦适宜,大斑病菌2号小种会成为优势小种,并迅速导致Ht_1基因玉米的抗性丧失。     

Differential susceptibility of barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galli) ecotypes to Exserohilum longirostratum

Ten barnyard grass ( Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galli ) ecotypes collected from several locations in Malaysian and Indonesian granaries were tested for variation in their susceptibility to the leaf blight pathogen ( Exserohilum longirostratum ). Four phenological growth stages of the ecotypes were sprayed with E. longirostratum at the rate of 1 × 10⁷ conidia mL⁻¹ under glasshouse conditions. The results of the study showed that plants inoculated with 1 × 10⁷ conidia mL⁻¹ and exposed for 24 h dew periods were severely infected and the percentage dry weight reduction of all ecotypes significantly increased. The 1–2 and 2–3-leaf stage plants were completely killed within 6 days after inoculation. However, susceptibility reactions among the ecotypes were observed at the 4–5-leaf stage, while the 6–7-leaf stage was resistant. The ecotypes, K-02, PK-04, KN-02, CJ-01, and L-01, were the most susceptible ecotypes as indicated by a higher area under disease progress curve value. The apparent disease progress rates for these ecotypes were significantly faster compared to the other ecotypes. The dry weight reduction among the four growth stages was variable. These findings show that the 1–2 and 2–3-leaf stages are the most susceptible, while the 6–7-leaf stage was resistant. This study has confirmed that a variable response to the fungal pathogen occurred within an intraspecific barnyard grass collection.     

A histological assessment of the infection strategy of Exserohilum turcicum in maize

Northern leaf blight is a lethal foliar disease of maize caused by the fungus Exserohilum turcicum. The aim of this study was to elucidate the infection strategy of the fungus in maize leaves using modern microscopy techniques and to understand better the hemibiotrophic lifestyle of E. turcicum. Leaf samples were collected from inoculated B73 maize plants at 1, 4, 9, 11, 14 and 18 days post-inoculation (dpi). Samples were prepared according to standard microscopy procedures and analysed using light microscopy as well as scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Microscopic observations were preceded by macroscopic observations for each time point. The fungus penetrated the leaf epidermal cells at 1 dpi and the disease was characterized by chlorotic leaf flecks. At 4 dpi the chlorotic flecks enlarged to form spots, and at 9 dpi hyphae were seen in the epidermal cells surrounding the infection site. At 11 dpi lesions started to form on the leaves and SEM revealed the presence of hyphae in the vascular bundles. At 14 dpi the xylem was almost completely blocked by hyphal growth. Hyphae spread into the adjacent bundle sheath cells causing cellular damage, characterized by plasmolysis, at 18 dpi and conidiophores formed through the stomata. Morphologically, lesions started to enlarge and coalesce leading to wilting of leaves. This study provides an updated, detailed view of the infection strategy of E. turcicum in maize and supports previous findings that E. turcicum follows a hemibiotrophic lifestyle.     

玉米大斑病生防细菌的筛选、鉴定及其抑制作用

为了找到对玉米大斑病有较好防治效果的细菌菌株,采用平板对峙法和管碟法2 种筛选方法分离筛选多个地方采集的玉米叶片上细菌菌株,生理生化学和分子生物学法对细菌菌株进行鉴定,最后通过采用菌株发酵滤液对病原菌菌丝和孢子萌发进行处理的方法,研究拮抗菌株的抑菌作用。结果表明,从分离到267 株细菌菌株中,筛选到1 株对玉米大斑病有较好抑制作用的细菌菌株SCG-02,经鉴定为洋葱伯克霍尔德氏菌(Burkholderia cepacia),不同浓度的菌株SCG-02 发酵滤液可不同程度的抑制病原菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发,处理后的病原菌菌丝由丝状变成串珠状,当发酵滤液浓度是60%时,孢子完全不萌发,且产生泡囊状结构。通过试验研究表明,从玉米叶片上分离筛选得到的细菌菌株SCG-02 对玉米大斑病有较好的防治作用。     

玉米大斑病菌毒素的结构鉴定和钝化反应

玉米大斑病菌（Ｅｘｓｅｒｏｈｉｌｕｍ ｔｕｒｃｉｃｕｍ）在改良Ｆｒｉｅｓ培养液中培养可以产生ＨＴ－毒素。ＴＬＣ分析表明：１号小种毒素至少有２种毒性成分,２号小种毒素至少有３种毒性成分。通过ＧＣ－ＭＳ、ＨＲＭＳ、ＮＭＲ分析表明组分Ｉ的分子式为Ｃ６Ｈ６Ｏ３,分子量１２６．０３２８,其化学结构为５－羟甲基－２－呋喃甲醛。组分Ⅱ分子量为１２４,初步推测为２,５－二甲醛呋喃。毒素钝化试验表明,代森锰锌、Ｎａ     

玉米大斑病菌HT-毒素对玉米细胞VC氧化酶活性的影响

玉米大斑病菌在体外培养可以产生对寄主玉米具有致毒活性的代谢产物———ＨＴ－毒素,它对玉米叶片细胞ＶＣ氧化酶的活性具有一定的抑制作用。表现为：ＨＴ－毒素处理后,供试的ＯＨ４３和ＯＨ４３Ｈｔ１２个玉米自交系的ＶＣ氧化酶活性虽然与ＣＫ处理的变化趋势一样,即在０～１２ｈ上升和在１２～４８ｈ下降,但比ＣＫ上升慢,下降快;而且,这种抑制作用还表现了一定的寄主选择活性。ＨＴ－毒素中加入强氧化剂Ｈ２Ｏ２后,对ＶＣ氧化酶的活性没有明显的提高和降低作用。     

玉米大斑病菌2号小种毒素的生物测定与组分分析

试验用３种有机溶剂按极性大小的顺对玉米大斑病菌菌２号小种毒素进行了萃取，并对各萃取物进行生物测定，结果表明，乙酸乙酯相和水相对玉米叶片及根冠细胞的毒性最大，故推测特异性组分的极性很大，介于乙酸乙酯和水之间，且该组分在乙酸乙酯和水中溶解度最大，进而将培养滤液用乙酸乙酯进行萃取，并对粗提物进行组分分析,。得到了含有５种组分和ＨＰＬＣ谱图。