等壳水电站碾压混凝土重力坝非溢流坝段稳定渗流场有限元分析研究

通过建立等壳水电站的非溢流坝段的准三维有限元模型,模拟了坝体排水管和排水廊道、上下游防渗层、坝基灌浆帷幕、坝基排水管和排水廊道等,对正常蓄水位工况下坝体、坝基的渗流总水头、压力水头、渗透比降、坝基扬压力分布及渗流量进行了计算分析,验证了坝体和坝基的防渗排水措施的合理性。     

蔬菜洪涝灾后田间管理主要技术措施及对策

持续大到暴雨导致蔬菜田块遭受水淹,易造成涝灾、渍害,田间湿度大,病害多发,落花、落果较多,出现沤根、烂根、死棵、绝收现象。为搞好生产救灾,将灾害损失降至最低,针对洪涝灾害影响、灾后田间管理、灾后恢复生产等方面阐述了蔬菜灾后生产技术措施,对不同受灾程度的田块提出了清沟沥水、及时追肥、抢收抢种和加强病虫害防治等田间管理技术对策。     

Effects of Glyphosate on Soil Salinization and Alkalization in Cotton Fields

We analyzed the effects of glyphosate to the index of salinization and alkalization by simulation in soils collected from cotton fields in Anyang, Henan and Anqing, Anhui, China, in 2014. The results showed that application of glyphosate changed electrical conductivity (EC), total alkalinity (TAL), exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and pH of soil in both regions，compared with the blank control. With increased frequency of glyphosate application and increased concentration applied, all indices increased in the Anqing cotton fields soil which were treated with concentrations of 2.5-20 g·L^－1 . However, EC, TAL and ESP increased dynamically in Anyang soil to which high concentrations of 20 g·L^－1 were applied only four consecutive times. After different glyphosate treatments, the soil pH value showed an upward trend but smaller changes. Therefore, after repeated use of glyphosate to soils of two different region soils, although the changes of all indices were within the range of non-saline and non-sodic soils, the soils affected by salt in the glyphosate aqueous solution tended towards saline-sodic soils.     

Organic input quality is more important than its quantity: C turnover coefficients in different cropping systems

Annual C input to soil is a major factor affecting soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics. However different types of C-sources can have different behaviour, in relation to their chemical characteristics and how they interact with soil. Root-derived C, in particular, should be more efficient than other organic materials as a result of the physicochemical and biological characteristics of the surrounding environment, leading to a reduction in the C decomposition rate.To test this hypothesis, we considered a long-term experiment underway in Northern Italy since 1962, comparing permanent meadow and 6 different crop rotations over a wide range of nutrient inputs, in both organic and inorganic forms. C inputs from amendments were measured and those from crops were calculated using allometric functions and crop and residues yields. The time evolution of SOC was studied through a single-pool, first-order kinetic model, allowing the estimation of humification coefficients for residues, roots, farmyard manure and cattle slurries.The highest value of the humification coefficient was estimated for farmyard manure, which confirmed its high efficiency in stabilising SOC content. Root C presented a humification coefficient 1.9 times higher than above-ground plant materials while slurries were intermediate, with a humification coefficient roughly half that of farmyard manure and even lower that of roots.The quality of C input thus seems of fundamental importance for evaluating the sustainability of different cropping systems in terms of SOC dynamics.     

农民学分制学历教育模式研究

农业职业教育是服务"三农"的教育。针对农村剩余劳动力提出农民学分制学历教育培养模式,将课堂搬到"田间地头",最大限度地发挥农业职业学校服务于经济社会的职能,结合教育与生产实际,融合专业与产业,实现让广大农民接受教育的目标。     

浅谈大兴区社区蔬菜技术服务

为提升社区居民的生活满意度,进一步探索阳台蔬菜管理技术、种植品种和管理模式,大兴区蔬菜技术推广站开展了基层调研、专业方案设计、观摩培训等社区蔬菜技术服务工作,并取得了较好的效果:服务范围不断扩大、栽培设备及配套技术逐渐完善、社区氛围良好等;并对发展前景进行了展望:未来将会向省空间、智能化、低碳化的多功能蔬菜种植模式发展。     

Variations of SOC and MBC observed in an incubated brown loam soil managed under different tillage systems for 12 years

To assess changes in organic carbon pools, an incubation experiment was conducted under different temperatures and field moisture capacity (FMC) on a brown loam soil from three tillage practices used for 12 years: no‐till (NT), subsoiling (ST) and conventional tillage (CT). Total microbial respiration was measured for incubated soil with and without the input of straw. Results indicated that soil organic carbon (SOC) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) under ST, NT and CT was higher in soil with straw input than that without, while the microbial quotient (MQ or MBC: SOC) and metabolic quotient (qCO₂) content under CT followed the opposite trend. Lower temperature, lower moisture and with straw input contributed to the increases in SOC concentration, especially under NT and ST systems. The SOC concentrations under ST, with temperatures of 30 and 35°C after incubation at 55% FMC, were greater than those under CT by 28.4% and 30.6%, respectively. The increase in MBC was highest at 35°C for 55%, 65% and 75% FMC; in soil under ST, MBC was greater than that under CT by 199.3%, 50.7% and 23.8%, respectively. At 30°C, the lower qCO₂ was obtained in soil incubated under NT and ST. The highest MQ among three tillage practices was measured under ST at 55% FMC, NT at 65% FMC and CT at 75% FMC with straw input. These data indicate the benefits of enhancing the MQ; the low FMC was beneficial to ST treatment. Under higher temperature and drought stress conditions, the adaptive capacity of ST and NT is better than that of CT.     

便携式XRF仪现场快速测定土壤中Pb的可行性研究

便携式XRF分析仪具有轻便、快速和可测对象较多与测量元素较广等特点而广泛应用于矿石、土壤等方面快速检测,但土壤的现场快速测定结果的准确性有待进一步研究与探讨。以安宁河谷平原土壤中Pb为研究对象,通过对便携式XRF仪现场快速检测结果与实验室分析结果的对比和影响因素的分析,建立基于安宁河谷平原表层土壤快速测定结果的线性函数为y=1.170 9x-17.326 0(R~2=0.992 9,x为现场检测结果),探讨其影响因素,为该区域表层土壤中Pb快速检测结果提供依据。     

不同施肥方式对红壤蔬菜田氨氧化细菌和氨氧化古菌群落的影响

通过构建氨单加氧酶基因(amoA)克隆文库,研究在红壤蔬菜田上只施用磷钾化肥(PK)、只施氮磷钾化肥(NPK)、施用腐熟有机肥(DNPK)和施用新鲜有机肥(FNPK)等4种不同施肥处理的土壤氨氧化细菌(AOB)和氨氧化古菌(AOA)群落多样性及与土壤脲酶活性的相关性。结果表明:施加有机肥处理(DNPK和FNPK)的蔬菜田土壤的AOB文库和AOA文库OTU数量和Shannon指数高于只施用无机肥(NPK和PK)处理的蔬菜田土壤;DNPK和FNPK处理的土壤优势AOB菌群为多形亚硝化叶菌(Nitrosolobus multiformis),比例分别为88.5%和68.5%,NPK和PK处理的土壤优势AOB菌群为亚硝化单胞菌属(Nitrosospirasp.),比例分别为54.8%和65.5%;DNPK、FNPK、NPK和PK处理土壤优势AOA菌群均为阿伯丁土壤亚硝化细杆菌侯选种(CandidatusNitrosotalea devanaterra),比例分别为90.9%、84.4%、77.8%和45.2%;施加有机肥处理(DNPK和FNPK)的土壤脲酶活性和氨氧化微生物的多样性指数都高于只施用无机肥处理(NPK和PK);AOA群落多样性指数与土壤脲酶活性呈显著正相关,而AOB群落多样性与土壤脲酶活性相关性不显著。总体来看,有机肥比无机肥处理提高了AOA和AOB群落多样性,且AOA在红壤蔬菜田土壤氨氧化过程中起着更为重要的作用。