China's role in the global forest sector: how will the US recovery and a diminished Chinese demand influence global wood markets?

Over the last decade, while the size of China's economy more than doubled, China has simultaneously become a major producer and exporter of forest products. Although China's domestic supply of wood is significantly constrained both by a limited natural supply and by conservation-oriented policies, the country is increasingly regarded as the world's “wood workshop.” Furthermore, China is the largest driver of demand for the trade in tropical logs and is becoming a significant driver of demand for trade in coniferous logs. In this paper, we describe a spatial equilibrium model adapted to study forest sector markets and policies that affect them. We present the model and the result of two alternative future scenarios. The first scenario analyzes the impact on global forest products markets of a US recovery in wood markets. The second scenario examines the effect on global forest products markets of decelerating growth in Chinese demand for wood products. Through these two scenarios, the modeling output sheds light on the role China's wood products markets have on resource supply and trade around the world. The trade model shows substantial potential changes in global prices, production, and trade activity associated with the recovery in domestic demand in the USA.     

金砖国家农业合作机制进展与展望

完善农业合作机制是推动国家间农业可持续发展与合作的重要路径。金砖国家（巴西、俄罗斯、印度、中国、南非）农业合作机制是世界重要的多边农业合作机制之一,通过系统梳理金砖国家农业合作机制建立背景与意义、构建历程,探索其主要成绩与存在问题,展望未来趋势并提出相关建议。金砖国家农业合作已取得系列成效：国际地位提升明显、内部农产品贸易额增长较快、外资利用能力不断增强。但仍存在政治安全风险、缺乏落地平台、科技交流薄弱等问题。建议成立专项基金支持农业科技创新、完善农业信息交流平台、以双边协定促进多边贸易稳定性。     

海洋环境变化对水产品贸易影响的实证研究——以浙江省为例

浙江省作为沿海省份,随着其工业经济的快速发展和人民生活需求的提高,一方面工业企业向环境排放了大量的污染物,使得污染物最终流入大海,从而破坏了水产品的生长环境;另一方面由于人均可支配收入的增加,人们加大了对水产品的消费需求。近年来浙江省海洋环境形势严峻,其好坏直接影响到水产品贸易的发展。文章拟从分析工业发展和城市化引起的海洋污染入手,着重阐明海洋环境的好坏与水产品出口的关系,并提出发展水产品贸易的对策建议。     

中国鳗鱼出口面临的技术壁垒与对策

我国是世界上最大的产鳗国,主要出口日本。但自2001年起,日方对鳗鱼制定了较为严格的技术性标准,使我国的鳗鱼出口遭遇到越来越严重的技术性贸易壁垒。如何跨越日本的技术性贸易壁垒,促进我国鳗业出口的健康发展是摆在我们面前的重大课题。文章分析了我国鳗业发展中存在的问题,并提出了相关对策。     

福建省对外贸易与就业协调关系研究

在分析福建省对外贸易与就业现状的基础上,通过建立多元回归模型,利用1996—2010年的年度数据,检验了对外贸易与就业之间的关系。实证分析结果表明,福建省一般出口货物贸易和加工贸易能够显著拉动就业增长,一般进口货物贸易和外商作为投资进口的物资和设备对就业增长的影响较弱,而加工贸易进口将抑制就业的增加。据此对完善福建省对外贸易与就业关系提出相关建议。     

Early Development of the Mandarinfish, Synchiropus splendidus (Callionymidae), with notes on its Fishery and Potential for Culture

The mandarinfish, Synchiropus splendidus, is a small, pelagic-spawning enthic dragonet of the western Pacific. Although popular in the marine aquarium trade, little is known of its fishery or biology. All aquarium-trade animals are currently taken from the wild and the impact of heavy collecting is unknown. The specialized and selective nature of the fishery for mandarinfish is described and its potential to disrupt the mating system identified. As a possible alternative to wild capture and as an aid to sustainable exploitation, egg production and early development relevant to mariculture are described, including egg output, embryo, larva and post-settlement development to 30 days, based on live material. Egg output was determined for 40 females and ranged from 12 to 205 eggs. Embryo and larva development were rapid, with settlement occurring within 14 days at 24–26 °C, and at 3.5 mm TL. The swimbladder is retained in adults. Our limited attempts at raising the mandarinfish to settlement were encouraging and suggest an excellent potential for mariculture with implications for both conservation and improved maintenance of fish in captivity. At present, given that this species is difficult to maintain in captivity, it is only suitable for experienced aquarists. Preliminary diet information is provided. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Tracking the Trade in Ornamental Coral Reef Organisms: The Importance of CITES and its Limitations

The extraction of coral reef organisms for the aquarium and curio trade is reported to be contributing to coral reef degradation. The total international trade and associated impacts are unknown, because data are collected only for organisms listed on Appendix II of CITES, which include stony corals, antipatharians and giant clams. CITES data indicate that trade in live stony coral and reef substrate (live rock) increased by 15–30% each year during the 1990s, with most exports since 1992 from Indonesia and Fiji. Overall, 19% of all stony coral traded (by item) from 1985 to 1997 was live; 71kern-1pt% of this was traded between 1993 and 1997 (52% of total trade). Although tracking trade using information from the CITES Trade Database provides limited information (e.g., coral is reported to genus, and volume is reported by item or weight), the CITES mechanism promotes the development of strategies to protect resources. In response to CITES requirements, Indonesia developed a management plan for sustainable harvest of corals, but not for non-CITES listed species such as soft corals and fishes. Trade in hard and soft coral provides revenue for developing countries; however, in order to be of lasting value the industry must be developed with a conservation ethic. This requires support for international programs such as CITES, management plans for sustainable harvest, and improved enforcement.     

Fisheries and trade of seahorses, Hippocampus spp., in southern India

Abstract  Seahorses ( Hippocampus spp. ) are a major commodity fished from the shallow coastal seas of the south coast of India where there is an abundance of sea grasses, sponges and corals. They are in great demand for export as traditional medicines, curios and aquarium fish. Organised fishing and trade of seahorses exists in India along the Palk Bay and Gulf of Mannar coasts. At the Palk Bay coast, seahorses are targeted by divers along with sea cucumbers ( Holothuria spp. ) and gastropods (e.g. Murex spp., Xancus pyrum Hornell). In the Gulf of Mannar, most of the seahorses are landed as bycatch of shrimp trawling. Seahorses are also fished from Kerala as a bycatch of trawling, although no organised fishery and trade exists. Five species of seahorses were identified from the Palk Bay coast, whereas only two species were obtained from Kerala. Most seahorses from India are exported to Singapore, Hong Kong, Malaysia and the United Arab Emirates. The volume of dried seahorse trade from India was estimated to be 9.75 t as derived from catch data in 2001, which was much higher than official statistics of 4.34 t during 2001–2002, suggesting the major part of the exports might be through non-conventional means and goes undeclared. Some aspects of the impact of large-scale fishing and trade on conservation of these seahorses are discussed.     

Biodiversity,ecology, fisheries,and use and trade of Tetraodontiformes fishes reveal their socio‐ecological significance along the tropical Brazilian continental shelf

1. Tetraodontiformes fishes play a critical role in benthic and demersal communities and are facing threats due to anthropogenic impacts and climate change. However, they are poorly studied worldwide. To improve knowledge on the socio‐ecological significance and conservation of Tetraodontiformes a review of literature addressing the diversity, ecology, use and trade, conservation, and main threats of Tetraodontiformes combined with a comprehensive in situ dataset from two broad‐range multidisciplinary oceanographic surveys performed along the Tropical Brazilian Continental Shelf was undertaken.
2. Twenty‐nine species were identified, being primarily found on coral reefs and algal ecosystems. At these habitats, tetraodontids present highly diversified trophic categories and might play an important role by balancing the marine food web
3. Coral reef ecosystems, especially those near to the shelf break, seem to be the most important areas of Tetraodontiformes fishes, concentrating the highest values of species richness, relative abundance and the uncommon and Near Threatened species.
4. Ninety per cent of species are commonly caught as bycatch, being also used in the ornamental trade (69%) and as food (52%), serving as an important source of income for artisanal local fisheries.
5. Tetraodontiformes are threatened by unregulated fisheries, overexploitation, bycatch, and habitat loss due to coral reef degradation and the potential effects of climate change. These factors are more broadly impacting global biodiversity, food security, and other related ecosystem functions upon which humans and many other organisms rely.
6. We recommend the following steps that could improve the conservation of Tetraodontiformes along the tropical Brazilian Continental shelf and elsewhere: (i) data collection of the commercial, incidental, ornamental and recreational catches; (ii) improvement of the current legislation directed at the marine ornamental harvesting; (iii) increase efforts focused on the education and conservation awareness in coastal tourism and communities; and, most important, (iv) creation of marine reserves networks in priority areas of conservation, protecting either the species and key habitats for its survival.

     

基于SWOT-AHP方法的林下产品出口贸易发展战略分析

随着林下经济发展的不断深入,林下产品的种类和数量都不断增多,随之而来的是贸易量的不断增加,研究林下产品出口贸易发展战略具有重要意义。该研究运用SWOT-AHP分析法,分析了林下产品出口贸易的优势、劣势、机遇、威胁4个因素。在这4个因素下设置了13个指标,对林下经济产品的出口贸易发展战略进行研究,结果显示林下产品出口贸易应当选择利用机遇弥补劣势并积极规避风险的发展战略。