Defining output-based standards to achieve and maintain tuberculosis freedom in farmed deer, with reference to member states of the European Union

Within the European Union (EU), detailed legislation has been developed for cattle, but not deer, to minimise disease risks associated with trade in animals and animal products. This legislation is expressed as input-based standards, providing a detailed outline of the activity required (for example, testing of animals and application of defined control measures), on the expectation that an adequate output (for example, confidence in freedom) will be achieved. Input-based standards are at odds with the increasing shift towards output-based standards, particularly in OIE rules governing international trade. In this paper, we define output-based standards to achieve and maintain freedom from tuberculosis (TB) in farmed deer, with reference to EU member states. After considering the probability of freedom achieved for cattle under existing EU legislation, we defined a ‘free farmed deer holding’ as one with a probability of freedom from infection of at least 99%. We then developed an epidemiological model of TB surveillance systems for deer holdings, incorporating different surveillance strategies, including combinations of diagnostic tests, and a variety of different scenarios relating to the potential for introduction of infection. A range of surveillance strategies were identified to achieve and maintain a free farmed deer holding, and worked examples are presented. The surveillance system sensitivity for varying combinations of screening and confirmatory tests in live animals, animals at slaughter and on-farm deaths is also presented. Using a single test at a single point in time, none of the TB tests routinely used in farmed deer is able to achieve an acceptable probability of TB freedom. If repeat testing were undertaken, an acceptable probability of TB freedom could be achieved, with differing combinations of the surveillance system sensitivity, frequency of testing and risk of introduction. The probability of introduction of infection through the importation of infected deer was influenced by the use of a pre-movement test (assumed 90% test sensitivity and negative test results), the TB prevalence in the source herd and the number of animals imported. A surveillance system sensitivity of at least 81% was achieved with different combinations of annual live animal surveillance and surveillance of animals at slaughter or on-farm deaths. This methodology has broad applicability and could also be extended to other diseases in both deer and other species with relevance to trade in animals and animal products.     

多哈农业改革对发展中国家农产品贸易的影响

WTO新一轮谈判于2004年8月1日达成框架协议,农业谈判在国内支持、出口竞争、市场准入等方面取得了一定的进展,是后续谈判的基础.运用ATPSM模型,在对欧盟、美国、日本、加拿大农业自由化改革模拟的基础上,探索了以框架协议为基础的多哈农业改革对发展中国家农产品贸易的可能影响.     

Accounting for geographic heterogeneity of multifunctional rice policy in Taiwan

Through empirical simulations of the Taiwanese rice market, we estimate the effects of agricultural policies designed to ensure optimal levels of two multifunctional outputs, groundwater recharge, and methane emissions. Optimal policy instruments differ by region to reflect land quality and the conditions of the aquifers in major rice production regions. The effects on rice production, resource allocation, and returns to farm assets differ as well.

安徽省农产品出口影响因素及发展对策

通过恒定市场份额模型（CMS）对安徽省农产品出口规模变动的影响因素进行了实证分析,并分析了安徽省农产品出口贸易状况,提出了扩大安徽农产品出口的相应对策和措施,     

中国水果的出口结构分析及对策

近年来,中国水果产量不断增长,出口继续保持强劲,出口量和出口金额不断增长,在国际市场上具有一定的竞争力,出口市场不断拓展。文章详细分析了中国水果出口商品结构、市场结构、期间结构,指出了中国水果出口结构存在的主要问题及影响,并针对这些问题提出了积极开拓海外新兴市场,实施出口果品的多元化、品牌化等相应的对策。     

REACH法规对我国林化产业的影响及对策研究

在综合前人研究成果的基础上,结合中国林化产业现状,深入分析REACH法规对中国林化产业的正面及负面影响.REACH法规有利于中国出口林化产品质量的提高及林化资源的优化利用,但存在污染产业转移、出口环境恶化、生产成本增加和不利于新产品开发等负面影响.针对问题提出政府支持、高级生产要素培养、联合注册、数据共享、做好预注册和选准代理机构等对策.     

中国竹藤家具、竹地板国际市场竞争力评价及建议

以2007—2016年间竹藤家具、竹地板贸易数据为基础,选取国际市场占有率、贸易竞争力指数和显示性比较优势指数来分析中国竹藤家具、竹地板的国际竞争力。结果表明:中国竹藤家具、竹地板国际市场占有率较高,贸易竞争优势较大,显示性比较优势明显,但竹地板的显示性比较优势指数逐年下降。基于此,提出通过科技创新提高产品附加值、优化出口产品结构等建议。     

出口南瓜子营养成分分析与质量评价

[目的]为出口南瓜子的质量研究提供科学系统的评价方法。[方法]以4种出口南瓜子为研究对象,对其营养成分和矿物质含量进行测定,并利用显微鉴别、气相色谱、高效液相色谱等方法对其质量进行评价。[结果]南瓜子品种艾碧斯红栗营养成分和矿物质元素综合指标均居于首位,其含47.50%的粗脂肪、34.58%的粗蛋白、65.65%的多糖;K、Mg、P、Ca等含量均较高;气相色谱和液相色谱分析结果均显示艾碧斯红栗中含有油酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸等不饱和脂肪酸,总含量达82.18%。[结论]该研究对开发降压降脂、抗炎、抗衰老保健食品有重要意义。     

我国进口《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》管制树种贸易动态

使用2009—2015年《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》（CITES）管制树种贸易数据分析我国进口CITES管制树种的种类、来源国、贸易目的和树种来源。研究结果显示,中国进口CITES管制树种呈现出进口种类集中、进口树种数量和来源国不断增加的趋势,且进口CITES管制树种基本来源于野外并用于商业性用途。针对贸易现状,文中从保护野生树种资源的角度对进一步规范CITES贸易活动提出了针对性建议。     

《农业协定》例外条款及其对我国农业的影响

分析了《农业协定》中市场准入、国内支持和出口补贴3个方面的例外条款,并结合实践探讨了这些例外条款对中国农业和农产品贸易的影响及中国应采取的对策。