基于GIS/RS和USLE鄱阳湖流域土壤侵蚀变化

将空间信息技术（RS和GIS）和通用土壤流失方程（USLE）相结合对鄱阳湖流域土壤侵蚀量进行计算。分别利用1990年和2000年TM/ETM+影像分类得到两期土地利用/覆盖类型图,结合鄱阳湖流域数字高程模型（DEM）、土壤类型分布图和流域降雨资料分别获取USLE模型中各因子值的空间分布,最后计算流域2个年份的土壤侵蚀空间分布图。研究表明：鄱阳湖流域土壤侵蚀区域主要分布在赣江上游,信江上游,抚河上中游和修水上游地区;鄱阳湖流域1990年和2000年大范围土地经受着Ⅰ级微度与Ⅱ级轻度侵蚀,其侵蚀面积之和分别占流域面积的97.38%和97.30%;而流域产沙主要来源于Ⅱ级轻度侵蚀和Ⅲ级中度侵蚀,所占土壤侵蚀总量分别为58.16%和51.20%,其中中度以上等级的侵蚀对产沙量的贡献是不可忽视的;从1990年到2000年土壤侵蚀等级变化呈现了由中等级侵蚀（Ⅱ级轻度侵蚀和Ⅲ级中度侵蚀）向低等级（Ⅰ级微度侵蚀）和高等级侵蚀（Ⅴ级极强度和Ⅵ级剧烈侵蚀）的2个极端演化的趋势。鄱阳湖流域土壤侵蚀量从1990年到2000年增长幅度达6.3%;土壤平均侵蚀模数都约为1 100 t/(km2·a),属于Ⅱ级轻度侵蚀。分析2个年份的土地利用/覆盖变化,发现鄱阳湖流域湿地和农田面积减少,建筑用地增加均是造成土壤侵蚀量增加的因素,而降雨侵蚀力因子空间格局也对土壤侵蚀空间分布具有重要影响,最后提出了鄱阳湖流域水土保持规划措施。     

西南岩溶区水土流失与石漠化动态评价研究

以西南滇黔桂水土流失及石漠化遥感数据为例,并分别以我国西南岩溶区土壤侵蚀分级标准和国家林业局关于石漠化程度的界定标准为依据,运用层次分析法确定权重值,建立基于面积和权重的水土流失综合指数(WSL-CI)和石漠化综合指数(KDI),对西南滇黔桂水土流失强度与石漠化程度进行了动态研究。结果表明:西南各区的水土流失强度在总体上有减弱的趋势,而石漠化程度均有上升的趋势,这主要与水土流失强度和石漠化程度关系的复杂性、阶段性,岩溶区水土流失的隐蔽性和岩溶区水土流失解译结果存在误差有关。     

平凉纸坊沟流域水土流失影响因素及其相关关系分析

为了深入探讨黄土高原沟壑地区小流域水沙运动及水土流失规律,采用平凉市纸坊沟流域50a的降水、径流、泥沙观测资料和成果,建立数据库,采取数理统计、矩阵计算、分段对比、相关分析等方法对黄土高原沟壑区典型小流域纸坊沟流域的水沙特性及水土流失特点进行了分析,研究了流域降水、径流、泥沙基本特性及其变化规律和水土流失主要影响因素及其相互关系,建立了流域土壤侵蚀流失量与主要影响因素间的单因子数学模型,为同类地区小流域水土流失状况分析和径流、泥沙及水土流失量估算分析确立了简便方式。该文从其研究成果中提炼出了纸坊沟流域水土流失主要影响因子及其变化对土壤侵蚀流失量减少的影响程度以及土壤侵蚀流失量与主要影响因素间的单因子数学模型。     

模拟降雨条件下坡地氮素流失特征试验分析

通过模拟降雨试验,分别研究1.0mm/min和2.0mm/min雨强条件下,不同坡面上径流过程和土壤氮素流失特征。结果表明,在1.0mm/min雨强条件下,每个产流阶段径流变化量依次为18°>28°>21°,峰值出现时间依次为21°>18°>28°,径流峰值量依次为28°>18°>21°;硝态氮淋溶与土壤侵蚀同步进行;铵态氮流失量峰值的出现是坡面顶部和下部流失量的叠加结果,随后铵态氮流失量趋于降低;在2.0mm/min雨强条件下,每个产流阶段径流变化量不同,峰值出现时间依次为18°>21°>28°,径流峰值量依次为28°>21°>18°。硝态氮流失以泥沙携带为主,大坡度地表硝态氮流失量陡然增加;短时间内坡面表层土壤流失量显著增加,造成铵态氮流失量波动变化。在两种雨强条件下,累积径流流失量依次为28°>21°>18°;硝态氮是径流中全氮流失的主要形式;在整个降雨过程,全氮流失量表现为产流初期较低,中期增大,后期降低。各形态氮素累计流失量与径流累计流失量之间存在显著的线性关系。     

浙江省水土流失时空演变研究

本文在野外考察和4次遥感调查的基础上,分析了浙江省水土流失的时空演变。结果表明:1987年以后水土流失总体上有所好转,水土流失总面积减少,但强度以上的流失面积有增加趋势,新的人为水土流失未得到有效控制,且有加速趋势。全省11个地区中有9个呈现水土流失面积减少,但强度以上流失面积增加;90个县域中有83个存在水土流失分布。由于特有的自然和社会经济状况,浙江省水土流失一般散布在广大丘陵山区,其绝对侵蚀量小、相对侵蚀量大,潜在危险性很高。     

土壤及泥沙颗粒组成与养分流失的研究

利用自然降雨影响下的农田为试验样地,分析了降雨前后土壤颗粒组成与养分含量的变化,探讨了流失泥沙颗粒组成与养分的变化特征。结果表明,在降雨后,西瓜地与油菜地表土颗粒组成呈现粘粒与粉粒含量减少,砂粒含量相对增加的趋势;土壤养分含量都有不同程度的下降,其中水解氮与速效磷下降的幅度很大,西瓜地与油菜地水解氮降雨后降幅分别为9.67%和7.99%,速效磷的降幅分别为9.20%和8.76%;全氮养分降幅很小,西瓜地与油菜地分别为2.17%和1.54%;流失泥沙细小颗粒含量与养分含量随时间基本都呈降低的变化趋势,并且细小颗粒含量与携带流失的养分含量有显著甚至极显著的正相关性;流失泥沙具有富集粘粒和富集养分的特性,油菜地与西瓜地粘粒富集率分别为1.23和1.20,两样地全氮与速效磷的富集率都在1.3以上,而全磷和水解氮富集率基本处在1.1-1.3之间。     

华西雨屏区5种坡地利用方式产流产沙与养分流失特征

选择5种坡地利用方式,分别是裸地、农耕地(玉米)、荒草地、巨桉林地Ⅰ与巨桉林地Ⅱ,建立人工径流小区,对2006年6～11月各小区产流产沙及养分流失进行对比研究.结果表明:(1)5种坡地利用方式产流产沙差异显著(P＜0.05),径流深依次是裸地(250.9 mm)＞农耕地(232.9 mm)＞荒草地(175.4 mm)＞巨桉林地Ⅰ(170.5 mm)＞巨桉林地Ⅱ(141.3 mm);产沙量大小依次为:农耕地(313.63 t/km2)＞裸地(176.80 t/km2)＞荒草地(94.45 t/km2)＞巨桉林地Ⅰ(90.58 t/km2)＞巨桉林地Ⅱ(36.37 t/km2).(2)5种坡地利用方式养分流失差异显著(P＜0.05),其流失量大小顺序均为钾素＞磷素＞氮素.其中,氮素与磷素流失以水溶态为主,平均为96.16%与69.45%;钾素以颗粒态(与泥沙结合态)为主,平均为74.93%.(3)不同坡地产流产沙主要影响因素不同,裸地与农耕地受降雨影响较大,而荒草地与巨桉林地受人为干扰因素较大.(4)调整农事活动、改善经营措施与减少人为干扰对防止坡地产流产沙以及养分流失具有重要作用.     

Effect of tillage and mode of straw mulch application on soil erosion in the submontaneous tract of Punjab, India

The submontaneous tract of Punjab comprising 10% of the state, is prone to soil erosion by water. Soils of the area are coarse in texture, low in organic matter and poor in fertility. High intensity rains during the monsoon season result in fertile topsoil removal. There is an urgent need to control soil erosion in this region so as to improve soil productivity. A field study was conducted to estimate the effect of tillage and different modes of mulch application on soil erosion losses. Treatments comprised two levels of tillage, viz. minimum (T_m) and conventional (T_c) in the main plots and five modes of straw mulch application, viz. mulch spread over whole plot (M_w), mulch spread on lower one-third of plot (M_1/3), mulch applied in strips (M_s), vertical mulching (M_v) and unmulched control (M_o), in subplots in a replicated split plot design. Rate of mulch application was 6 t ha⁻¹ in all modes. Compared with M_o, M_w reduced runoff by 33%. Runoff and soil loss were 5 and 40% higher under T_c than under T_m. Though other modes of straw mulch application (M_1/3, M_s and M_v) controlled soil loss better than M_o, their effectiveness was less than M_w. T_m was more effective in conserving soil moisture than T_c. Compared with M_o, M_w had 3–7% higher soil moisture content in the 0–30 cm soil depth under T_m. Minimum soil temperature of the surface layer was 1.4–2.4 °C lower under M_w than under M_o. Straw mulching reduced maximum soil temperature and helped in conserving soil moisture. Minimum tillage coupled with M_w was highly effective in reducing soil erosion losses, decreasing soil temperature and increasing moisture content by providing maximum surface cover.     

The effect of land cover/vegetation on soil water dynamic in the hilly area of the loess plateau,China

Severe soil and water loss has lead to widespread land degradation in China's loess plateau. During the past decades, a great deal of effort was made on vegetation restoration to reduce soil and water loss in the loess plateau. However, due to water shortage the efficiency of vegetation restoration was not as satisfactory as expected. As part of a vegetation restoration project, we conducted research aiming to understand the relationship between vegetation pattern and soil water dynamics. The goal was to find vegetation types appropriate for the loess plateau with scarce water resources. In 1986, fifteen plots of land were planted with five vegetation types: pine woodland, shrubland, sloping cropland, alfalfa and semi-natural grassland. Soil water content, runoff, soil erosion were measured for each plot. Environmental variables, such as rainfall, evaporation and temperature, were recorded simultaneously by an automated meteorological station. The relationship between land cover pattern and soil water dynamic was evaluated by using statistical models. We found that: (1) soil water loss occurred during the growing season, and it reached the maximum in the second half of July; (2) soil water was not fully replenished from rainfall during the rainy season; (3) pine woodland induced the largest water loss to surface runoff, followed by sloping cropland, alfalfa, semi-natural grassland and shrubland; the poor capability of pine woodland for water conservation may be attributed to soil compaction and poor ground coverage under the tree; (4) in most cases, soil water of the five vegetation types was low except for shrubland and semi-natural grassland where it was moderate-high during a few periods. These conditions inhibit sustainable vegetation growth in the semi-arid loess hilly area of the loess plateau, China.     

"3S"技术及其在退耕还林中的应用

退耕还林是国家为保护生态环境、治理水土流失的一项重大举措,但在广大的基层农村,还缺乏有效的技术支持手段。“3S”技术是集遥感、全球定位与地理信息系统于一体的高新技术手段,可以为退耕还林提供强有力的技术支持。就“3S”技术在梅州市退耕还林应用中的设备选用、技术路线、基本过程与方法等进行了探讨,对基层退耕还林工作的开展起到一定的指导作用。