基于USLE模型的长株潭城市群生态绿心区水土流失研究

[目的]研究2018年长株潭(长沙市—株州市—湘潭市)城市群生态绿心区最佳植被覆盖和水土流失状况,为区域综合治理提供理论依据。[方法]运用GIS和RS技术,以长株潭区域降雨、土壤、地形、土地利用等数据为基础,采用归一化植被指数(NDVI)模型和USLE国际通用土壤流失方程为优选模型。[结果]长株潭绿心区总面积为52 287 hm~2,整体植被状况较好,高覆盖度(75%～100%)面积最大,占绿心区总面积一半以上,为26 598.40 hm~2;中低覆盖度(30%～40%)面积最小,占区域总面积的8.61%,为4 501.91 hm~2。长株潭城市群生态绿心区总侵蚀(不含微度)面积为3 654.24 hm~2,占总面积的6.99%。湘潭市侵蚀比重最高,为8.51%,长沙市次之,为6.67%,株洲市侵蚀总比例最小,为5.68%。工程建设用地在禁止开发区、限制开发区和控制建设区的侵蚀面积分别为963.92,310.74,735.11 hm~2。[结论]受人为因素、城市建设、产业分布等影响,长株潭城市群生态绿心区覆盖度空间呈现西部低,中东部高的格局,工程建设是造成绿心区土壤侵蚀的主要原因。     

切段式甘蔗收割机排杂风机结构优化与试验

针对目前机械化收获甘蔗含杂率和损失率高的问题,该研究对广西农业机械研究院有限公司的 4GZQ-180切段式甘蔗收割机风机的内部流场进行了仿真分析并进行了结构优化。该研究表明,原风机叶片和出流室内壁的形状突变、液压马达安装部位凹陷以及主轴阻挡气流均会导致风机内部发生漩涡流动并引起能量损失。优化后的风机叶片前缘和尾缘平滑过渡,提升了叶片性能,优化后的出流室呈圆筒状,主轴轴线与气流主流方向一致,降低了能量损耗,叶轮安装位置远离蔗段,使蔗段不易与叶轮发生碰撞。流量和功率测定结果表明,仿真结果具有较高的准确性。含杂率测定结果表明,优化后的风机在高转速（1 650 r/min）、低行驶速度（1 km/h）时的含杂率与原风机相当,当行驶速度升高至3 km/h后,中（1 350 r/min）、低（1 050 r/min）转速时优化后风机的含杂率明显低于原风机,分别降低了13.91%和20.42%;损失率测定结果表明,优化后风机在低转速时的损失率与原风机最多相差6.48%,当喂入量为1 kg/s时,中、高转速下损失率分别降低了14.77%和28.08%。     

氮肥减施对红壤旱坡花生地氮素径流和渗漏损失及表观平衡的影响

针对红壤旱坡地土壤侵蚀严重和渗漏淋溶强烈并存的现状,为探讨减量施氮对作物产量、氮素径流和渗漏损失特征及氮素表观平衡的影响,选择赣北红壤旱坡花生地开展田间随机区组试验,设置5个处理：100%施氮量(N_100%,纯施氮180 kg·hm^–2)、减1/6施氮量(N_1/6)、减1/3施氮量(N_1/3)、减1/2施氮量(N_1/2)和不施氮(N₀),每个处理重复3次。结果表明：(1)与N_100%处理相比,N_1/6和N_1/2处理的花生产量和植株吸氮量略低,但差异不显著(P>0.05);与N_100%处理相比,N_1/6和N_1/2处理在主茎长、株高、冠幅、饱果数和原始分枝数等农艺性状上无显著性差异(P>0.05)。(2)与N_100%处理相比,N_1/6、N_1/3、N     

Effects of land management practices and land cover types on soil loss and crop productivity in Ethiopia: A review

Identifying land management practices (LMPs) that enhance on-site sediment management and crop productivity is crucial for the prevention, reduction, and restoration of land degradation and contributing to achieving land degradation neutrality (LDN). We reviewed studies in Ethiopia to assess the effects of LMPs on soil loss (84 studies) and crop productivity (34 studies) relative to control practice. Yield variability on conserved lands was assessed using 12,796 fixed plot data. Effects of LMP on soil loss were 0.5–55 t ha⁻¹y⁻¹ compared to control practices yielding 50 to 140 t ha⁻¹y⁻¹. More than 55% of soil loss records revealed soil loss less than the tolerable rate (10 t ha⁻¹). Area closure, perennial vegetation cover, agronomic practices, mechanical erosion control practices, annual cropland cover, and drainage groups of practices led to 74.0 ± 18.3%, 69.0 ± 24.6%, 66.2 ± 30.5%, 66.1 ± 18.0%, 63.5 ± 20.0%, and 40 ± 11,1% soil loss reduction, respectively. A yield increase of 25.2 ± 15.0%, 37.5 ± 28.0%, and 75.4 ± 85.0% was found from drainage, agronomy, and mechanical erosion control practices, respectively. The average yield loss by erosion on fields without appropriate land management practice and on conserved fields was 26.5 ± 26.0% and 25 ± 3.7%, respectively. The findings suggest that practices that entail a continuous presence of soil cover during the rainy season, perennial vegetation, retention of moisture, and barriers for sediment transport were most effective at decreasing soil loss and increasing productivity. This review provides evidence to identify the best LMP practices for wider adoption and inform decision-making on LMP investments towards achieving sustainable solutions to reverse land degradation.     

滇池水环境退化与区域内物种多样性的丧失

本文论述了滇池草海的物种多样性指数由20世纪50年代的2.70(ShannonˉW iener Index)降到90年代的0.29;滇池外海在20世纪50年代末,湖水面积90%以上为海菜花群落、马来眼子菜群落等,70年代仅占20%弱,20世纪90年代末的水生植物覆盖率不及3%;分析了藻类的种群优势度向着蓝藻种群优势度不断增加的方向发展,浮游动物的多样性增加,大型底栖无脊椎动物物种结构趋向单一化,鱼类多样性指数由1957年的1.81降为1997年的0.11,滇池的物种多样性指数由20世纪60年代的1.08降到90年代的0.67,认为滇池水环境退化与物种多样性丧失呈双向恶化效应,物种多样性重建是滇池生态恢复的重要指标。     

’95溢洪对大伙房水库鲢、鳙渔业造成损失的估测

根据１９９０、１９９８年鲢、鳙渔获物的年龄组成,相关成份的放养尾数及１９９５年后的历年捕获量,结合可捕群体、补充群体等假设条件,利用修正的“恒定参数系统法”拟合分析了１９９５年溢洪后大伙房水库鲢、鳙的残存率、死亡系数、回捕率,探讨了′９５溢洪对该水库鲢、鳙渔业的影响,并根据理论捕获量推算出溢洪造成的损失分别为鲢２５０～３５０ｔ,鳙２３７～４３６ｔ。     

Salinity and geomorphology drive long‐term changes to local and regional fish assemblage attributes in the lower Pecos River,Texas

River systems throughout arid regions worldwide have been heavily impacted by human activities, resulting in long‐term ecological consequences. The lower Pecos River in the Trans‐Pecos region of Texas is no exception, having undergone anthropogenic changes that include decreased flow, elevated salinity, species loss and species invasion. We compared historical and contemporary fish assemblage attributes from the Pecos River at local (site‐specific) and regional (Trans‐Pecos region) scales across a 24‐year time period. Fish assemblage data were collected in October 1987 and 2011, by seining at 15 sites spanning 430 km of the river in Texas. Additionally, we examined contemporary environmental conditions to determine species–environment relationships. We found that fish assemblages were significantly different between time periods, likely due to increased salinisation in the upper half of the study region. Decreased species richness, species replacement and increases in euryhaline species were documented in the upstream sites. Freshwater springs lower the salinity and maintain flows in the downstream reach, allowing for maintenance of the native fish fauna. Careful management of regional aquifers, irrigation practices and petroleum waste water will be necessary for protecting biodiversity and environmental flows in the lower Pecos River.     

缓释复方免疫增强剂有效药物释放量及安全性试验

将100只14日龄健康肉杂仔鸡随机分成A、B、C、D、E 5个试验组,每组20只鸡,A、B、C、D 4组为试验组,E组为对照组。A、B、C 3组试验鸡每只分别投服批号为0308、0312、0402的缓释复方免疫增强剂1粒,进行有效药物释放量测定试验,试验结果表明,药物投服后日均磨损量20d前为6.2~6.7 mg,30 d前为6.0~6.3 mg,日均药物有效释放量为2.40~2.52 mg,经方差分析,批间差异不显著(P0.05),均在有效剂量之间,药物的有效释放期均在30 d以上。D组试验鸡每只投服缓释复方免疫增强剂3粒,进行有效药物安全性试验,试验结果表明,仔鸡投服后食、饮欲正常,精神状态良好,与对照组鸡相比未发现任何不良反应,从而说明该缓释制剂在鸡体内是安全有效的。     

线损分析在轨道交通企业能源管理中的应用

轨道交通的不断发展需要更多的电能,但当今能源日趋紧张,对节能降损必须予以足够的重视.所以轨道交通企业须在供电用电管理中加强线损的分析和预测,从供电设计、规划、管理等方面实施降低线损管理,使企业节能降耗并有效提高经济效益.