黄河流域氮素流失模数研究

氮素流失模数是研究区域氮循环与氮平衡的基本参数,对其进行研究有助于从大区域角度评价我国化肥的利用效率。按多年年径流量均值和多年河水氮浓度均值计算所得的黄河19个主要支流的流域氮素流失模数在0.073～1.665t·km-2·a-1,氮素流失模数的大小与区域人口和农业生产水平存在正相关性;由于存在“流域面积尺度效应”,使按干流数据计算得到的黄河流域的氮素流失模数显著地小于按支流资料计算得到的氮素流失模数;由于干流各站点控制的流域范围具有重叠性以及下游水质对上游水质有继承性,使按干流各站数据计算得到的氮素流失模数数值间差异不大;20世纪90年代以后黄河流域的氮素流失模数大大增加。中游头道拐站以上流域1995年的氮素流失模数比1985年增加4倍以上,下游花园口站以上流域1996年的氮素流失模数比1986年增加2倍以上;黄河流域流失的氮主要是以溶解态形式存在于水相中的氮素,流域氮素流失模数与泥沙径流模数之间无明显关系。以花园口站为控制点计算所得的黄河流域的氮素流失模数小于以大通站为控制点计算所得的长江流域的氮素流失模数。黄河流域的氮肥流失率(指黄河流域流氮素流失总量占流域氮肥总施入量的比例)在90年代后期有快速增加趋势,1998年比1997年增加12%,1999年又比1998年增加18%。我国     

基于改进YOLOv8n的复杂环境下柑橘识别

针对复杂环境下柑橘果实大量重叠、枝叶遮挡且现有模型参数量大、计算复杂度高等问题,提出了一种基于改进YOLOv8n的柑橘识别模型YOLOv8-MEIN。首先,该研究设计了ME卷积模块并使用它改进YOLOv8n的C2f模块。其次,为了弥补CIoU损失函数在检测任务中泛化性弱和收敛速度慢的问题,使用Inner-CIoU损失函数加速边界框回归,提高模型检测性能。最后,在自建数据集上进行模型试验对比,试验结果表明,YOLOv8-MEIN模型交并比阈值为0.5的平均精度均值mAP_0.5值为96.9%,召回率为91.7%,交并比阈值为0.5~0.95的平均精度均值mAP_0.5～0.95值为85.8%,模型大小为5.8MB,参数量为2.87M。与原模型YOLOv8n相比,mAP_0.5值、召回率、mAP_0.5～0.95值分别提高了0.4、1.0、0.6个百分点,模型大小和参数量相比于原模型分别降低了3.3%和4.3%,为柑橘的自动化采摘提供技术参考。     

不同干燥方法对鸭茅营养成分及其损失的影响

研究干燥方法对鸭茅(不同生育阶段)营养成分及其损失量的影响。结果表明:(1)随着生育期的推进,粗蛋白质和粗灰分含量逐渐下降,中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量逐渐增加,而水溶性碳水化合物含量开始不断增加,开花期最高,结实期又迅速减少;干燥方法对水溶性碳水化合物含量的影响极其显著(P<0.01),其含量的顺序为:烘干>晒后烘干>晒干>阴干。(2)干燥方法与营养物质的损失量间差异显著(P<0.05),其损失量的顺序为晒后烘干>晒干>阴干。不同干燥方法的水溶性碳水化合物损失量与干物质、粗灰分、无氮浸出物损失量之间呈显著相关,相关系数分别为0.8798、0.6404和0.6568。     

The yam nematode (Scutellonema bradys), a potential threat to potato (Solanum tuberosum) production in West Africa

Potato (Solanum tuberosum) production in Africa is rapidly expanding and becoming increasingly important. As its geographical production range broadens, so does its potential to host new pests and diseases. Following the discovery that potato can be affected by Scutellonema bradys, further studies were undertaken to assess its potential pathogenicity on potato under screenhouse and field conditions, and on marketed tubers. Potato plants inoculated with S. bradys produced tubers with substantial cracking and evident tuber rot, compared with tubers from uninoculated plants. Symptoms of nematode infection on tubers included a scaly appearance, surface cracking as well as deeper tissue cracks, distortions, and darkened surface patches. In most cases these patches were related to sub‐surface rot. Nematodes were recovered from the soil, roots and tubers of inoculated plants. Eight weeks after inoculation, the reproduction factor of the nematode was greatest (2·0) at the lowest inoculation rate assessed (1000 nematodes per 2·5‐L pot) and least (0·4) at the highest inoculation rate (5000 nematodes per pot). In the screenhouse, potato tuber weights were low and mostly unaffected by nematode inoculation rate, except at 5000 nematodes per pot. In the field, non‐inoculated plants yielded over nine times more tubers than plants inoculated with 2000 S. bradys. Low densities of S. bradys were also recovered from 10 of 15 (67%) samples collected from market stalls, indicating field infection. This study confirms that potato can host and be damaged by S. bradys, raising its prospect as a likely significant biotic constraint to the crop.     

Adipose tissue gene expression in obese dogs after weight loss

Body weight (BW) mainly depends on a balance between fat storage (lipogenesis) and fat mobilization (lipolysis) in adipocytes. BW changes play a role in insulin resistance (IR), the inability of insulin target tissue to respond to physiological levels of insulin. This results in inhibition of lipogenesis and stimulation of lipolysis. Weight gain leads to IR whereas, weight loss improves insulin sensitivity (IS). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of weight loss and recovery of IS on the expression of genes involved in lipogenesis and lipolysis in weight losing dogs. Gene expression was studied in both subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue. Obese dogs received a hypoenergetic low fat high protein diet (0.6 x NRC recommendation). Before and after weight loss, IS was assessed using the euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic clamp. Gene expression of IRS-2, SREBP, intracellular insulin effectors, ACC, FAS, FABP, ADRP, PEPCK, lipogenesis key proteins, perilipin and HSL, lipolysis key proteins were quantified using real-time RT-PCR in subcutaneous and visceral fat. BW decreased from 15.2 +/- 0.5 to 11.4 +/- 0.4 kg (p < 0.05) over 78 +/- 8 days. When obese, dogs were insulin resistant. After weight loss, IS was improved. In the subcutaneous adipose tissue, the expression of only the IRS-2 was increased. In the visceral adipose tissue, the expression of the genes involved in the lipogenesis was decreased whereas one of the genes implied in the lipolysis did not change. The expression profile of genes involved in lipid metabolism, as measured after weight loss, is indicative for a lower lipogenesis after weight loss than in obese dogs. Our results also confirm dramatic differences in the lipid metabolism of visceral and subcutaneous fat. They should be completed by comparing gene expression during weight losing and normal weight steady state.     

基于@RISK软件评估玉米褪绿斑驳病毒对我国玉米产业造成的潜在经济损失

为明确玉米褪绿斑驳病毒 （maize chlorotic mottle virus, MCMV）对我国玉米生产的经济损失,通过收集、整理玉米产量、种植面积、市场价格以及MCMV潜在地理分布、危害和防控等相关数据,基于随机模型利用@RISK软件分别预测MCMV在不防控和防控场景下对我国玉米产业造成的潜在经济损失。结果表明,在不防控场景下, MCMV对我国玉米产业造成的潜在经济损失总量的90%置信区间为329.44亿~508.96亿元;而在防控场景下, MCMV对我国玉米产业造成的潜在经济损失总量的90%置信区间为51.62亿~76.23亿元,可挽回潜在经济损失的90%置信区间为278.38亿~437.93亿元。说明MCMV严重威胁我国玉米生产,建议有关部门加强检疫阻截防控工作,保障我国玉米产业安全。     

Effects of defoliation caused by the processionary moth on growth of Crimean pines in western Turkey

An outbreak of the pine processionary moth (PPM), Thaumetopoea wilkinsoni Tams (Lepidoptera: Thaumetopoeidae), began in spring 1998 and lasted 6 years in a Crimean pine (Pinus nigra Arnold) plantation in western Turkey. The effects of PPM on the radial, height and volume growth of Crimean pine trees were investigated by examining the increment losses for three defoliation intensities (groups). PPM activity in Crimean pine stand was assessed through radial increment analysis of cores extracted at breast height. In 2004, increment cores were collected from moderate and high defoliation and low defoliation dominant or co-dominant trees. Based on the sample, annual radial growth indices from 1998 to 2004 were calculated. Growth functions were defined as the cumulative sum of radial, height and volume increment graphically compared between Crimean pine defoliation group sample trees. The sample trees are the same subspecies and varieties. After the defoliations, radial, height and volume growth of low defoliation group trees was found to be significantly greater than that of the other affected groups. During the 1998–2004 period the total radial growth of low, moderately affected and highly affected trees was, respectively, 49, 33 and 31 mm; the total height growth was 3.1, 1.8 and 1.0 m; and the total volume growth was 50, 14 and 10 dm³.     

低压滴灌小孔出流孔前压力变化研究

为了研究低压滴灌毛管压力变化规律,本试验对Φ16孔口式滴灌管在不同的入口水头（0.5-2.0 m）和不同管道铺设长度（20、406、0 m）状态下沿程压力进行了测定。结果表明,运用规范中给定的计算结果与试验测试结果进行比较,相差较大,规范中的沿程水头损失计算公式不能满足孔口式滴灌管在低压条件下的损失。在管道长度为20 m和40 m,工作水头为0.5 m时,试验测试水头损失约为规范公式计算结果的30倍多,但随着入口工作水头的增加,两者之间的比值有趋于减少的趋势。同时,Excel软件的拟合表明,低压滴灌孔口式出流沿程压力分布符合以入口水头为基本参数的指数函数关系,并给定了相关参数的经验取值范围,其中水头损失修正系数k=1.004-1.0183;指数修正系数θ的取值为0.004到0.021。     

坡长对径流及侵蚀的影响

张家口市水保试验站坡长小区五年观测资料表明,降雨强度影响径流量、侵蚀量随坡长的变化。降雨强度较小时,径流量不能用坡长与降雨强度的乘积代替,侵蚀量随坡长增加较慢。降雨强度较大时,径流量可用坡长与降雨强度的乘积代替,侵蚀量方程中坡长指数较大。     

玉米褪绿斑驳病毒入侵损失指标体系及直接经济损失评估

玉米褪绿斑驳病毒(Maize chlorotic mottle virus)是我国进境检疫性病毒,严重危害玉米的生长,给玉米生产带来巨大经济损失。文中根据科学性、系统优化、通用可比及实用性原则,结合玉米褪绿斑驳病毒特点,系统构建了玉米褪绿斑驳病毒损失评判指标体系,共1个一级指标、3个二级指标、11个三级指标。并对其在我国可能造成的直接经济损失作出初步评估,经估算,玉米褪绿斑驳病毒对我国造成的潜在直接经济损失达140.95亿人民币。