Effect of snow amount on runoff,soil loss and suspended sediment during periods of snowmelt in southern West Siberia

Surface runoff, soil loss, suspended sediment concentration (SSC), texture of eroded soils and suspended sediment were determined on slightly eroded chernozems (mouldboard fall-ploughed) during years with different amounts of snow in three areas of southern West Siberia (Predsalairye, Priobye and Kuznetsk hollow). These areas have different geomorphological and climatic characteristics and soils. Observations were made from 1969 to 2007. The soil loss during very low-snow and low-snow years did not exceed 2 t ha^− 1. After winters with normal amounts of snow, the runoff led to slight soil loss (2–5 t ha^− 1). Soil losses in high-snow and very high-snow years varied from slight to severe (4.8–15.8 t ha^− 1) depending on studied area. The main sediment exported during intensive snowmelt and the 1 mm of runoff transported from 35 to 150 kg ha^− 1 of soil material. The removal of soil particles < 0.01 mm (especially clay) prevailed during the initial and final stages of snowmelt. Clay removal by meltwater from the ploughed layer in high-snow and very high-snow years varied from 3300 to 4200 kg ha^− 1 and, in the initial and final stages of snowmelt clay removal, accounted for 1260–1,500 kg ha^− 1. Among the three studied regions, Predsalairye had decreased soil erosion resistance and was the area with the greatest danger of erosion.     

不同雨型下反坡台阶减少红壤坡耕地氮磷流失的效果

为研究自然降雨条件下反坡台阶对坡耕地氮、磷流失的影响,该文基于滇中红壤坡耕地标准径流小区45场典型降雨观测资料,根据降雨量、最大30 min雨强和降雨侵蚀力,综合采用快速聚类和判别聚类,划分确定出A(高雨量、大雨强、高侵蚀力)、B(低雨量、小雨强、低侵蚀力)、C(中低雨量、中小雨强、中低侵蚀力)、D(中高雨量、中雨强、中高侵蚀力)4种降雨类型。研究发现,反坡台阶减流率和减沙率达到52.11%和71.30%,减沙率显著大于减流率(P0.01);不同降雨类型下反坡台阶的减流率表现为:C雨型B雨型D雨型A雨型,减沙率表现为:D雨型A雨型C雨型B雨型,C雨型和B雨型下反坡台阶减流率显著高于D雨型和A雨型(P0.05),减沙率则显著低于D雨型和A雨型(P0.05)。反坡台阶对径流中总氮(WTN)、硝态氮(NO_3~--N)、铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)削减率分别达到68.10%、69.81%、50.14%,对径流中总磷(WTP)、溶解无机磷(DIP,dissolved inorganic phosphate)的削减率分别达到71.52%和72.77%,不同自然降雨类型下反坡台阶对径流中WTN、NO_3~--N、NH_4~+-N、WTP、DIP的削减率均呈现出随着雨量和雨强增大而降低的趋势。反坡台阶对泥沙中全氮(STN)、水解性氮(HN,hydrolyzable nitrogen)的削减率分别达到57.32%和54.22%,对泥沙中全磷(STP)、速效磷(AP)的削减率分别为67.38%和63.69%,不同自然降雨类型下反坡台阶对泥沙中STN、HN、STP、AP的削减率呈现出削减率随着雨量和雨强增大而提高的趋势。该研究可以深入地揭示反坡台阶控制坡耕地面源污染的机理,以及对于控制坡耕地氮磷流失的效果,为源头控制山区水土流失和农业面源污染提供理论支撑。     

氮肥减施对红壤旱坡花生地氮素径流和渗漏损失及表观平衡的影响

针对红壤旱坡地土壤侵蚀严重和渗漏淋溶强烈并存的现状,为探讨减量施氮对作物产量、氮素径流和渗漏损失特征及氮素表观平衡的影响,选择赣北红壤旱坡花生地开展田间随机区组试验,设置5个处理：100%施氮量(N_100%,纯施氮180 kg·hm^–2)、减1/6施氮量(N_1/6)、减1/3施氮量(N_1/3)、减1/2施氮量(N_1/2)和不施氮(N₀),每个处理重复3次。结果表明：(1)与N_100%处理相比,N_1/6和N_1/2处理的花生产量和植株吸氮量略低,但差异不显著(P>0.05);与N_100%处理相比,N_1/6和N_1/2处理在主茎长、株高、冠幅、饱果数和原始分枝数等农艺性状上无显著性差异(P>0.05)。(2)与N_100%处理相比,N_1/6、N_1/3、N     

有机无机肥料配合施用对设施番茄产量、品质及土壤硝态氮淋失的影响

利用田间小区试验,研究了有机无机肥配合施用模式对番茄产量、品质及氮素在土壤中累积和淋失的影响.结果表明:(1)与肥料用量较高的习惯施肥处理相比,大幅减少肥料施用的不同有机无机肥配合施用模式均能保证番茄产量稳定,显著提高经济效益,平均增收19 127元·hm-2,其中(3/4)化肥N+(1/4)猪粪N模式处理经济效益最高.(2)施用有机肥的3个有机无机肥配合施用模式处理可降低番茄果实中的硝酸盐含量,较全部施用化肥处理和习惯施肥处理的分别降低5.4％和7.0％;施用有机肥的3个有机无机肥料配合施用模式处理可提高番茄果实中Vc的含量,较全部施用化肥处理的提高9.4％.(3)与番茄种植前相比,番茄收获后土壤硝态氮含量总体上表现出表层增加、深层降低的趋势;大幅减施肥料的有机无机肥配合施用模式处理各土层硝态氮含量均低于习惯施肥处理相应土层硝态氮含量.(4)有机无机肥配合施用模式可显著降低渗漏水中硝态氮渗漏量,较全部施用化肥处理和习惯施肥处理的平均分别降低35.5％和55.1％.在试验条件下,综合考虑产量、经济效益和环境效益的适宜有机无机肥料配合施用模式为(3/4)化肥N+(1/4)猪粪N模式处理.     

不同透水状况对坡地土壤侵蚀和养分流失的影响

 为研究坡地物质迁移的重要过程,通过室内人工降雨模拟试验,研究不同透水状况坡地土壤侵蚀和养分流失的过程与机制。研究结果表明:不透水坡地的初始产流时间比半透水和完全透水坡地提前57min,且土壤侵蚀总量大于其余两者土壤侵蚀量之和;在二次降雨条件下,不透水坡地的土壤侵蚀剧烈,土壤侵蚀量大于其他2种状况之和的5倍;在首次降雨过程中3种不同透水状况的径流养分浓度变化表现一致,仅在降雨75min后开始呈现差异;二次降雨过程中径流养分浓度存在显著差异。因此,存在不透水底层或入渗速率低的犁底层坡地,具有潜在的严重土壤侵蚀与磷钾流失趋势,尤其在初始土壤含水量较高的情况下。为合理配置坡地水土保持管理措施和控制养分流失提供参考。     

煤矸石山风化堆积物水分动态研究

以位于贵州省赤水市的"黔北20万吨/年竹浆林纸一体化工程项目"为例,研究了低山丘陵区开发建设项目中的水土保持和生态建设问题.针对该工程水土流失的现状和特点,结合竹原料林基地建设,提出了水土流失的防治原则和采取的防治对策.实施水土保持方案后,能有效控制工程区的水土流失,恢复和改善项目区的生态环境,保障了工程建设的安全,实现了社会、经济、环境的协调与可持续发展.     

叶螨为害苹果树的产量损失估测

1987—1989年研究苹果全爪螨(Panonychus ulmi)与山楂叶螨(Tetranychus viennenses)为害对苹果产量的影响。结果表明:①叶螨为害后,叶片的各项生理指标皆有反应,其中以光合作用强度最敏感;②叶螨为害对果实质量无显著影响,但不同螨量的果实体积之间存在明显差异;③平均累积雌成螨螨日(MDi)与平均减产率(Qi)之间有正相关关系,为害当年表现出果实变小单果重减轻,次年表现出花量减少,果实数下降。1987与1989年以苹果全爪螨为主,减产率分别为3.31%—11.25%与2.89%—10.75%。1988年以山楂叶螨为主,减产率为2.36%—13.48%;④上年受害树次年继续测产,看出叶螨的持续影响更为严重。以苹果全爪螨为主的持续减产率第二年达2.0%—86.2%;第三年的影响又相对减轻。以山楂叶螨为主的减产率第二年为-14.4%—69.4%。     

烟草粉螟危害对储存烟叶经济损失的研究

研究了不同数量的烟草粉螟繁殖1代和2代（1a）幼虫危害所造成的烟叶重量和叶面积损失以及烟叶的被害率和各级烟叶的伤残率，核算了1-5对烟草粉螟繁殖2代危害所造成的经济损失。结果表明，1，2，3对烟草粉螟繁殖1代幼虫取食的烟叶重量分别为0.53，1.07，2.93g；损失的烟叶面积分别为37.32,75.59,206.34cm^2.1,2,3,4,5对烟草粉螟繁殖2代幼虫取食的烟叶重量分别为1.37，3.57,6.30,13.42,24.20g；损失的烟叶面积分别为88.39,230.32,406.45,865.81,1561.29cm^2；幼虫取食造成的直接经济损失分别为0.010,0.026,0.047,0.100,0.180元；因伤残降级降价造成的经济损失分别为0.316,1.051,1.932,2.896,4.392元；1a中共损失金额分别为0.326,1.077,1.978,2.996,4.572元。并将试成虫对数与繁殖2代幼虫取食烟叶重量、损失烟叶面积及经济损失进行理论曲线拟合，经F检验，方程代表性均好。     

Effects of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (ω-3) Supplementation on Some Cardiovascular Risk Factors with a Ketogenic Mediterranean Diet

Background: the ketogenic diet (KD) has become a widely used nutritional approach for weight loss. Some of the KD’s positive effects on metabolism and cardiovascular risk factors are similar to those seen after n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3) supplementation. We hypothesized that a ketogenic Mediterranean diet with phytoextracts combined with ω-3 supplementation may have increased positive effects on cardiovascular risk factors and inflammation. Methods: We analyzed 34 male overweight subjects; aged between 25 and 65 years who were overall healthy apart from overweight. The subjects followed a ketogenic diet protocol for four weeks; with (KDO3) or without (KD) ω-3 supplementation. Results: All subjects experienced a significant loss of body weight and body fat and there was no significant differences between treatment (body weight: KD—4.7 kg, KDO3—4.03 kg, body fat KD—5.41 kg, KDO3—5.86 kg). There were also significant decreases in total cholesterol, LDL-c, and glucose levels. Triglycerides and insulin levels decreased more in KDO3 vs. KD subjects, with a significant difference. All the investigated inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) decreased significantly in KDO3 subjects whilst only TNF-α showed a significant decrease in KD subjects over the 12 month study period. No significant changes were observed in anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and IL-1Ra), creatinine, urea and uric acid. Adiponectin increased significantly only in the KDO3 group. Conclusions: ω-3 supplementation improved the positive effects of a ketogenic Mediterranean diet with phytoextracts on some cardiovascular/metabolic risk factors and inflammatory state.