Nitrogen fertilizer–induced mineralization of soil organic C and N in six contrasting soils of Bangladesh

A 90‐day laboratory incubation study was carried out using six contrasting subtropical soils (calcareous, peat, saline, noncalcareous, terrace, and acid sulfate) from Bangladesh. A control treatment without nitrogen (N) application was compared with treatments where urea, ammonium sulfate (AS), and ammonium nitrate (AN) were applied at a rate of 100 mg N (kg soil)^–1. To study the effect of N fertilizers on soil carbon (C) turnover, the CO₂‐C flux was determined at nine sampling dates during the incubation, and the total loss of soil carbon (TC) was calculated. Nitrogen turnover was characterized by measuring net nitrogen mineralization (NNM) and net nitrification (NN). Simple and stepwise multiple regressions were calculated between CO₂‐C flux, TC, NNM, and NN on the one hand and selected soil properties (organic C, total N, C : N ratio, CEC, pH, clay and sand content) on the other hand. In general, CO₂‐C fluxes were clearly higher during the first 2 weeks of the incubation compared to the later phases. Soils with high pH and/or indigenous C displayed the highest CO₂‐C flux. However, soils having low C levels (i.e., calcareous and terrace soils) displayed a large relative TC loss (up to 22.3%) and the added N–induced TC loss from these soils reached a maximum of 10.6%. Loss of TC differed depending on the N treatments (urea > AS > AN >> control). Significantly higher NNM was found in the acidic soils (terrace and acid sulfate). On average, NNM after urea application was higher than for AS and AN (80.3 vs. 71.9 and 70.9 N (kg soil)^–1, respectively). However, specific interactions between N‐fertilizer form and soil type have to be taken into consideration. High pH soils displayed larger NN (75.9–98.1 mg N (kg soil)^–1) than low pH soils. Averaged over the six soils, NN after application of urea and AS (83.3 and 82.2 mg N (kg soil)^–1, respectively) was significantly higher than after application of AN (60.6 mg N (kg soil)^–1). Significant relationships were found between total CO₂ flux and certain soil properties (organic C, total N, CEC, clay and sand content). The most important soil property for NNM as well as NN was soil pH, showing a correlation coefficient of –0.33** and 0.45***, respectively. The results indicate that application of urea to acidic soils and AS to high‐pH soils could be an effective measure to improve the availability of added N for crop uptake.     

不同农艺措施条件下稻田田面水总氮动态变化特征研究

通过盆栽试验,对稻田田面水总氮在不同农艺措施条件下动态变化规律进行了研究,并对该规律进行了数字拟合,以便为控制稻田氮素流失提供理论依据和技术途径.结果表明:田面水总氮浓度在施肥后第一天达到高峰,随着时间的推移不断降低,并且在每次施肥后7-9 d下降到较低水平;施肥水平和田面水总氮浓度呈正相关关系;施肥方式对田面水总氮有较大影响.随着施肥深度加深,田面水总氮含量逐渐降低;不同肥料种类对田面水总氮亦有影响,全部施用复合肥处理浓度最大,施用复合肥+碳铵处理浓度最小;有机肥作为缓释肥料在试验初期对田面水总氮贡献不大;沙土较粘壤土处理田面水总氮浓度大.     

有载自动调容配电变压器及其动态降损节能效益分析

为验证有载自动调容配电变压器降损节能效果及其解决“大马拉小车”的机理,根据实测的动态日、月负荷数据,绘制了日、月负荷曲线;对SZ11-M-T型有载自动调容型变压器与S11普通型配电变压器的动态功率损耗进行了综合经济性比较。计算结果表明：对于峰谷用电量差异明显,峰谷负荷轮换频繁的用电区域及用电季节性集中的农村配电区域,避免普通变压器长期处于“大马拉小车”有效途径是使用有载自动调容配电变压器;相对于无载调容,有载自动调容配电变压器降损节能经济效益十分明显,使用范围更广。     

浙江省水土流失的时空动态研究

浙江省大量基础设施建设项目的开工建设,在不同地区和不同建设工期表现出的水土流失特征各不相同,且不同的土地利用方式和利用强度造成的水土流失类型和规律也不相同,充分体现了经济发达地区不同于过去和经济相对落后地区的水土流失特征。经济发达地区的水土流失特征可归纳为:水土流失面积小、强度大,强度水土流失空间分布分散、时间集中性强、动态变化速度快,水土流失治理效益显著,人为诱发水土流失突出。出现上述特征的原因可概括为:开发建设项目不同工期水土保持措施效益差异是强度水土流失面积波动的原因之一,经济开发和劳动力转型是水土流失面积减少的原因之一,农业经济林开发建设是导致林地水土流失比重大的原因之一。提出了今后水土保持工作应采取的新措施和重点治理的新方向。     

Conservation planning with dynamic threats: The role of spatial design and priority setting for species’ persistence

Conservation actions frequently need to be scheduled because both funding and implementation capacity are limited. Two approaches to scheduling are possible. Maximizing gain (MaxGain) which attempts to maximize representation with protected areas, or minimizing loss (MinLoss) which attempts to minimize total loss both inside and outside protected areas. Conservation planners also choose between setting priorities based solely on biodiversity pattern and considering surrogates for biodiversity processes such as connectivity. We address both biodiversity processes and habitat loss in a scheduling framework by comparing four different prioritization strategies defined by MaxGain and MinLoss applied to biodiversity patterns and processes to solve the dynamic area selection problem with variable area cost. We compared each strategy by estimating predicted species’ occurrences within a landscape after 20 years of incremental reservation and loss of habitat. By incorporating species-specific responses to fragmentation, we found that you could improve the performance of conservation strategies. MinLoss was the best approach for conserving both biodiversity pattern and process. However, due to the spatial autocorrelation of habitat loss, reserves selected with this approach tended to become more isolated through time; losing up to 40% of occurrences of edge-sensitive species. Additionally, because of the positive correlation between threats and land cost, reserve networks designed with this approach contained smaller and fewer reserves compared with networks designed with a MaxGain approach. We suggest a possible way to account for the negative effect of fragmentation by considering both local and neighbourhood vulnerability to habitat loss.     

中国省际农业生态效率评价及其改进路径分析

农业生态效率是衡量农业绿色可持续发展的重要指标,对农业生态效率进行科学的评价,有利于准确评估农业生态系统的真实水平,以实现农业资源的高效利用。采用超效率SBM-DEA模型,对2000—2017年中国内地31个省（市、区）的农业生态效率进行了测度和分组,并分析了2017年未达DEA效率状态地区的农业投入产出的冗余与不足。高效率组中的省份一类位于东部地区,一类位于西部地区,而东北部和中部地区及西部地区的部分省份主要处于中、低效率组;2017年,只有青海、宁夏和天津出现农业产出不足情况,其余未达到DEA效率状态的地区均存在不同程度的机械、用水、农药、化肥、农膜、能源等要素投入冗余和碳排放、污染排放过度的情况。中国省际农业生态效率水平空间差异明显,发展变动态势不一,效率损失的主要原因是要素投入冗余和非期望产出过度,但各省份冗余的具体构成不同。因此,各省应根据其实际情况和效率损失的具体原因,采取适宜性的措施提升农业生态效率。     

新型水土流失监测装置及其应用

测钎法是一种应用广泛的水土流失监测方法,但是传统测钎法难以适应复杂监测地形,缺乏专门测读装置,还会产生较大监测误差,需要对其加以改进.以颐和园万寿山山体为研究对象,针对其山体特征和文物分布状况,选定18块监测场地,发明单钎多点式测读装置,选用改进的测钎法对水土流失进行监测.结果表明:1)18块监测场地考虑了土壤、坡度、植被等因素的差异,可以全面反映万寿山水土流失状况;2)单钎多点式测读装置有效降低了测钎埋点环境条件、测读方式等客观和主观误差,提高了测钎法水土流失监测结果的准确性;3)监测期间,万寿山平均土壤流失值在-3 mm～ +1 mm范围内.说明新型水土流失监测装置是可行的,所用水土流失监测方法和数据处理方法,可供其他类似工程借鉴与应用.     

影响土壤NO-3-N淋失的因素及预防措施

农业生产中的不合理栽培造成的NO3^--N淋失问题不仅大大降低了肥料利用率，增加了生产成本，而且对生态环境民的污染问题也日益严重，从施肥，地面接水量，土壤性质，作物种类及土壤－植物系统的组合特征5个方面扼要概述了近阶段影响土壤NO3－N淋失因素的研究进展，并提出了减少NO3－N淋失，提高肥料利用率的预防措施及对策。     

黄河流域氮素流失模数研究

氮素流失模数是研究区域氮循环与氮平衡的基本参数,对其进行研究有助于从大区域角度评价我国化肥的利用效率。按多年年径流量均值和多年河水氮浓度均值计算所得的黄河19个主要支流的流域氮素流失模数在0.073～1.665t·km-2·a-1,氮素流失模数的大小与区域人口和农业生产水平存在正相关性;由于存在“流域面积尺度效应”,使按干流数据计算得到的黄河流域的氮素流失模数显著地小于按支流资料计算得到的氮素流失模数;由于干流各站点控制的流域范围具有重叠性以及下游水质对上游水质有继承性,使按干流各站数据计算得到的氮素流失模数数值间差异不大;20世纪90年代以后黄河流域的氮素流失模数大大增加。中游头道拐站以上流域1995年的氮素流失模数比1985年增加4倍以上,下游花园口站以上流域1996年的氮素流失模数比1986年增加2倍以上;黄河流域流失的氮主要是以溶解态形式存在于水相中的氮素,流域氮素流失模数与泥沙径流模数之间无明显关系。以花园口站为控制点计算所得的黄河流域的氮素流失模数小于以大通站为控制点计算所得的长江流域的氮素流失模数。黄河流域的氮肥流失率(指黄河流域流氮素流失总量占流域氮肥总施入量的比例)在90年代后期有快速增加趋势,1998年比1997年增加12%,1999年又比1998年增加18%。我国     

水平管路中多相弹状流压力降计算

应用气液两相流动中双流体模型下的连续方程和动量守衡方程,以及通过试验获得的液弹速度方程,对水平管中油气水三相弹状流的压降进行了分析和计算,建立了在一维坐标系下的压降计算模型.模型综合考虑了由于流体和壁面之间剪切应力引起的摩擦压降、液弹前锋处水跃造成的粘性压降和气体膨胀引起的加速压降对总压降的影响.计算结果和试验结果的对照表明,在低压的情况下,模型计算结果和试验结果吻合较好.对水平管中压降计算结果表明,摩擦压降是整个压降的最重要组成部分,占总压降的92%～95%,加速压降占总压降的3%～5%,水跃造成的粘性压降在总的压降中只占总压降损失的1%～2%.