Depression of methane production potential in paddy soils by subsurface drainage systems

Abstract

Subsurface drainage systems (pipe/tile drain systems) in paddy fields have been used in Japan since the 1960s for appropriate water management to encourage rice growing. Water management using the drainage systems probably accelerates the aerobic decomposition of organic matter in the paddy soils, and the management using the systems also accelerates leaching of water-soluble fractions in the soils. To evaluate these side-effects of the drainage systems on methane (CH₄) production potential in the soils, soil samples taken from four pairs of paddy fields with or without drainage systems (D-soils and ND-soils, respectively) were compared. In general, total C and N, hot-water-extractable hexose, ammonification and Fe²⁺ production were lower in D-soils than in ND-soils. Decomposition of buried rice straw during a fallow period was also accelerated in D-soils. Hence, both electron acceptors, such as reducible Fe, and electron donors, such as easily decomposable organic matter, in D-soils decreased on a short-term and long-term basis. To compare the effect of decreased electron acceptors and donors on the same criterion (mg C_eq kg^?1 dry matter (d.m.)), the oxidative capacity (OxiC) and reductive capacity (RedC) in each soil were calculated from the soil chemical and biological properties. Both OxiC and RedC decreased in D-soils, but the rate of decrease in RedC was 2.7-fold higher than that of OxiC. As the soil conditions became relatively oxidative, CH₄ production potential in D-soils decreased by approximately 40%. Thus, the installation of subsurface drainage systems under poorly drained paddy fields relatively decreased RedC in soil, and that CH₄ production potential in the soil also decreased.     

Genetic Differences in Resistance to Iron Deficiency Chlorosis in Peanut

Iron (Fe) deficiency has been a widespread problem in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) grown on calcareous soils of northern China and has resulted in significant yield losses. Field observations showed considerable variability in visual chlorosis symptoms among peanut cultivars in the same soil. The objective of this study was to confirm the genetic differences in resistance to Fe-deficiency chlorosis in peanut and to identify feasible indicators for screening Fe-efficient genotypes. Resistance to Fe chlorosis of sixteen peanut cultivars grown on calcareous soil was evaluated in the field and physiological responses to Fe-deficiency stress were studied in nutrient solution. There were significant differences in resistance to Fe-deficiency chlorosis among the sixteen peanut cultivars tested, which was identified with SPAD readings, active Fe concentrations in young leaves in the early growth stages, and the pod yield. For Fe-resistant peanut cultivars, Fe-reduction capacity and quality of releasing hydrogen ions from roots increased under Fe-deficiency stress. Highly correlated relationships were observed between the summation of root Fe reduction and field chlorosis scores for sixteen cultivars (r² = 0.79). It was concluded that Fe-reduction capacity was a better physiological indicator for screening Fe-efficient peanut genotypes of the mechanisms measured.     

休耕轮作对黑土酸化的影响

通过长期定位试验,在吉林省德惠市采集休耕轮作的土壤样品,研究休耕轮作对土壤pH值及土壤交换性H+、Al3+的影响;休耕轮作对土壤阳离子交换性能的影响;休耕轮作的土壤pH值与各相关理化性状的相关性;休耕轮作对土壤缓冲性能的影响以及对酸化速率的影响.结果表明:(1)土壤经过休耕轮作后,土壤酸化得到缓解,土壤交换性酸(交换性H+和交换性Al3+)呈下降的趋势,土壤pH随着交换性酸的降低而升高;交换性H+和交换性Al3+含量随土壤有机质含量的增加而减小.(2)休耕轮作措施能够增加土壤中阳离子交换量及盐基饱和度;(3)土壤pH与各盐基阳离子的相关性大小依次为Ca2+＞ Na+＞ K+＞Mg2+,并且交换性Ca2+含量最多,占盐基总量的89％～95％,对盐基饱和度贡献最大;(4)休耕轮作措施能够增加土壤的酸碱缓冲容量,休耕轮作后的土壤最高酸碱缓冲容量是长期连作土壤酸碱缓冲容量的2倍以上,从而增强了土壤对酸碱的缓冲性能,并且降低了土壤的酸化速率.     

通过组配杂种稻途径改进整体光合能力(英)

由美国水稻Lemont和中国华南水稻七桂早所组配成的杂种稻Le／Qi，既具有较高的光能截获能力，又具有较高的光能转化效率，其整体光合能力和亲本相比，得到了明显的改进。不论是在美国阿肯色州，还是在中国广州，Le／Qi较之Lemont及七桂早，光能利用率分别提高了53％～62％及8％～15％，比美国亲本具有明显为高的产量，比中国亲本明显提高了品质，增加了经济产值。利用由美国水稻和中国华南水稻所组配成的12对杂种组合进行扩大试验的结果表明，几乎所有杂种都显示了整体光合能力的明显改进，比美国亲本具有明显为快的叶面积发展能力，表现在明显为高的生物学产量上；比中国华南亲本具有明显增强了清除有害自由基的能力，从而提高了在高光强下的光合作用光能转化效率。     

巴西橡胶树萌动芽种植材料芽长最优选择的理论研究

本文以幂函数方程,统计分析橡胶树萌动芽种植材料的不同芽长与持水力的关系。首次揭示了在芽长约1厘米处存在明显“拐点”,即芽长1厘米以下,其持水力锐减,而芽长大于1厘米的,持水力明显趋于平稳提高。并且芽持水力的大小与定植成活率的高低也相一致。不同长度芽持水力差异的特点,是与细胞中渗透活性物质的含量不等有关。芽长1厘米以上,糖和水溶性蛋白含量继续提高,而氨基酸含量则下降,这可能是“拐点”形成的内部生理原因。     

花生主要性状的遗传力及其基因效应

将 2个珍珠豆型材料和 3个普通型材料按不完全双列杂交方式配制 1 0个杂交组合 ,连同亲本一起进行试验 ,采用ADM模型估算 7个农艺性状的遗传特点。结果表明 ,主茎高、侧枝长、单株秕果数、单株生产力等性状以基因加性效应为主 ,狭义遗传力较高 ,早代选择效果较好。结果枝数以显性效应为主 ,狭义遗传力为0 ,不宜在早代选择 ,试验还对亲本的加性效应进行了分析和预测     

闽北山地丘陵针阔混交林持水效果研究

该文以1995年造林的针阔混交林为研究对象,对15a生的针阔混交林的林下凋落物持水能力和养分状况进行了调查和分析。结果表明:混交林比纯林具有更好的保水保肥的能力;混交林中林下凋落物饱和含水量以杉木×枫香(1∶3)最大,枫香×鹅掌楸(1∶3)最小;混交林中凋落物量以鹅掌楸×杉木(1∶1)混交林最大,枫香×鹅掌楸(1∶3)混交林的凋落物量最小。     

生物炭对京郊沙化地土壤性质和苜蓿生长、养分吸收的影响

通过田间试验研究了施用生物炭(14 t·hm^-2)和种植苜蓿对京郊沙化地的改良作用。试验设裸地(BL)、裸地添加生物炭(BLB)、种植苜蓿不加生物炭(A)和种植苜蓿添加生物炭(AB)四个处理。结果表明:添加生物炭使土壤容重显着减小11.5%~11.6%,pH值显着增加0.1~0.2个单位,田间持水量和总孔隙度分别增加9.1%~10.3%和7.6%~11.3%,土壤总氮、有机碳含量和氮、磷、钾、锌的有效含量分别增加10.3%~25.8%、52.8%~71.7%、12.7%~23.5%、141.7%~233.3%、47.7%~81.1%、94.2%~95.2%,有效铁含量最高减小29.1%,阳离子代换量(CEC)和钙、镁、锰、硼的有效含量无显着变化;种植苜蓿没有显着影响土壤pH值、容重、总孔隙度、田间持水量、CEC和氮、钙、镁、锌、硼的有效性,总体上显着减小了土壤含水量和总氮、速效磷、速效钾的含量,增加了铁和锰的有效含量。BLB处理土壤含水量比BL显着增加13.9%(P<0.05);添加生物炭使苜蓿地上部生物量、含水量和氮、磷、钾、钙、镁、铁、锌、锰、硼的吸收累积量分别显着增加91.1%、3.6%、110.0%、130.9%、200.4%、82.6%、44.8%、89.5%、102.7%、99.5%、104.7%.生物炭与苜蓿种植相结合可在短期内改善京郊沙化地土壤的理化性质、提高养分有效性和恢复植被。     

广亲和系配制的杂种产量潜力分析

通过对以国内新育成的优良广亲和系为母本，典型籼、粳品种为父本配制的8个杂种F1的产量潜力分析，结果表明杂种一代具有库容、物质生产和产量优势，特别是亚种间杂种优势突出。亚种间杂交组合抽穗后叶片衰老缓慢，功能期长，存在抽穗后干物质积累优势，但大多数亚种间杂交组合物质转运不良，限制了其产量潜力的发挥。     

“十一五”期间芜湖市城市可持续发展能力统计分析

可持续发展能力分析可为城市发展提供技术参考。从经济、社会、环境可持续发展能力三个方面衡量芜湖市城市可持续发展能力;采用层次分析法和协调度α模型对芜湖市的城市可持续发展能力进行综合分析。结果表明,芜湖市2006年到2010年城市可持续发展能力水平从0.5240 32提高到0.646 547,处于中等水平。从协调度上讲,2006年到2008年之间经济、环境、社会三者的协调度一直处于上升状态,但仍处于较低的水平,截至2010年仍是0.369813的低水平,这就要求芜湖市在发展经济的同时,急需加强社会和环境的发展。