Measurements of the acid-binding capacity of ingredients used in pig diets

: Some feed ingredients bind more acid in the stomach than others and for this reason may be best omitted from pig starter foods if gastric acidity is to be promoted. The objective of this study was to measure the acid-binding capacity (ABC) of ingredients commonly used in pig starter foods. Ingredients were categorised as follows: (i) milk products (n = 6), (ii) cereals (n = 10), (iii) root and pulp products (n = 5), (iv) vegetable proteins (n = 11), (v) meat and fish meal (n = 2), (vi) medication (n = 3), (vii) amino acids (n = 4), (viii) minerals (n = 16), (ix) acid salts (n = 4), (x) acids (n = 10). A 0.5 g sample of food was suspended in 50 ml distilled de-ionised water with continuous stirring. This suspension was titrated with 0.1 mol/L HCl or 0.1 mol/L NaOH so that approximately 10 additions of titrant was required to reach pH 3.0. The pH readings after each addition were recorded following equilibration for three minutes. ABC was calculated as the amount of acid in milliequivalents (meq) required to lower the pH of 1 kg food to (a) pH 4.0 (ABC-4) and (b) pH 3.0 (ABC-3). Categories of food had significantly different (P < 0.01) ABC values. Mean ABC-4 and ABC-3 values of the ten categories were: (i) 623 (s.d. 367.0) and 936 (s.d. 460.2), (ii) 142 (s.d. 79.2) and 324 (s.d. 146.4), (iii) 368 (s.d. 65.3) and 804 (s.d. 126.7), (iv) 381 (s.d. 186.1) and 746 (s.d. 227.0), (v) 749 (s.d. 211.6) and 1508 (s.d. 360.8), (vi) 120 (s.d. 95.6) and 261 (s.d. 163.2), (vii) 177 (s.d. 60.7) and 1078 (s.d. 359.0), (viii) 5064 (s.d. 5525.1) and 7051 (s.d. 5911.6), (ix) 5057 (s.d. 1336.6) and 8945 (s.d. 2654.1) and (x) -5883 (s.d. 4220.5) and -2591 (s.d. 2245.4) meq HCl per kg, respectively. Within category, ABC-3 and ABC- 4 values were highly correlated: R2 values of 0.80 and greater for food categories i, iv, v, vi, vii and viii. The correlation between predicted and observed ABC values of 34 mixed diets was 0.83 for ABC-4 and 0.71 for ABC-3. It was concluded that complete diets with low ABC values may be formulated through careful selection of ingredients. The final pH to which ABC is measured should matter little as ABC-3 and ABC-4 are highly correlated.     

Radiosensitivity and capacity for radiation-induced sublethal damage repair of canine transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) cell lines

Understanding the inherent radiosensitivity and repair capacity of canine transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) can aid in optimizing radiation protocols to treat this disease. The objective of this study was to evaluate the parameters surviving fraction at 2 Gy (SF(2) ), α/β ratio and capacity for sublethal damage repair (SLDR) in response to radiation. Dose-response and split-dose studies were performed using the clonogenic assay. The mean SF(2) for three established TCC cell lines was high at 0.61. All the three cell lines exhibited a low to moderate α/β ratio, with the mean being 3.27. Two cell lines exhibited statistically increased survival at 4 and 24 h in the dose-response assay. Overall, our results indicate that the cell lines are moderately radioresistant, have a high repair capacity and behave similarly to a late-responding normal tissue. These findings indicate that the radiation protocols utilizing higher doses with less fractionation may be more effective for treating TCC.     

山羊卵母细胞冷冻保存及其对发育效果的影响

在程序冷冻条件下,冷冻保护剂种类对山羊卵母细胞发育效果有显著影响。对于山羊GV期卵母细胞,解冻后的形态正常率,PROH(83 1%)和DMSO(81 7%)均高于甘油(70 7%)(P<0 05);而体外成熟率则是PROH(20 3%)高于DMSO(14 2%)和甘油(9 8%),DMSO又高于甘油(P<0 05)。对于山羊IVM卵母细胞,解冻后的形态正常率,PROH(84 5%)和DMSO(86 4%)均高于甘油(74 2%)(P<0 05);而受精率则是PROH(23 2%)高于DMSO(17 5%)和甘油(13 1%),DMSO又高于甘油(P<0 05)。冷冻方法和卵母细胞发育阶段对冷冻效果有显著影响。从冷冻方法看,程序冷冻和OPS玻璃化冷冻,GV期卵母细胞的成熟率分别为19 7%、27 6%,受精率为3 3%、8 6%;培养9h卵母细胞的成熟率分别为20 6%、30 9%,受精率为4 4%、10 3%;IVM卵母细胞的受精率分别为20 9%、29 4%,2 细胞率为4 4%、8 8%,均是OPS玻璃化高于程序冷冻,差异显著(P<0 05);从卵母细胞发育阶段看,不论是程序冷冻还是OPS玻璃化冷冻,GV期和培养9h卵母细胞的成熟率、受精率差异均不显著(P>0 05),但受精率均显著低于IVM卵母细胞(P<0 05)。     

"蚕为龙精"蕴含中华农耕社会"集体意识"的阐释

杜尔克姆认为集体意识通过社会事实表现,是一个民族重要的心理现象,而且不会随着个体意愿的改变而消失。在神圣社会中,图腾和神话是构成原始社会成员集体意识的重要内涵。以"蚕为龙精"为切入点,通过对龙、蚕共有的时令特征、玉蚕图腾包含的礼治集体意识,以及"嫘祖始蚕"神话蕴含的王权思想集体意识的分析,阐释中华农耕社会中集体意识使蚕丝文化得以瓜瓞绵绵。     

急性热应激对山羊血液生化指标及血淋巴细胞热休克蛋白70家族基因表达的影响

旨在研究急性热应激对山羊抗氧化能力、免疫功能和血淋巴细胞热休克蛋白70(HSP70)家族基因表达的影响。本试验选取5只健康、体况接近的(12±0.5)月龄波尔山羊×关中奶山羊杂交F1母羊,饲养于环控舱内(温度维持20℃,相对湿度60%),适应5d。第6天利用环控舱对5只试验羊进行38℃急性热应激处理12h,采集热应激前(0h,20℃)和热应激后2、4、8和12h试验羊血样。分别利用比色法测定血清抗氧化指标(总抗氧化能力、超氧化物歧化酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性和丙二醛含量),ELISA法测定血清免疫指标(免疫球蛋白和细胞因子含量),实时荧光定量PCR法测定血淋巴细胞HSP70家族基因(HSPA1A、HSPA6和HSPA8)mRNA的表达量。结果显示:1)热应激时间对血清抗氧化指标有显著影响。与热应激前0h相比,血清T-AOC(P<0.05)、SOD(P<0.05)和GSH-Px(P<0.01)活性均在热应激8h后显著下降,MDA含量在热应激4h后显著增加(P<0.05)。2)热应激时间对血清免疫指标有显著影响。与热应激前0h相比,血清TNF-α、IL-1β、IFN-γ和IL-2含量分别在热应激4、8、8和4h后显著增加(P<0.05);IL-4(P<0.01)、IgG(P<0.01)、IgM(P<0.01)和IgA(P<0.05)含量分别在热应激12、4、4和4h后显著下降。3)热应激时间显著提高血淋巴细胞中HSP70家族基因(HSPA1A、HSPA6和HSPA8)的表达量。HSPA1AmRNA表达量呈先升高后下降的趋势,在热应激4h时达到峰值,各检测时间点均显著高于应激前水平(P<0.01);HSPA6mRNA表达量在热应激2h时显著升高(P<0.01),4h后恢复到应激前水平(P>0.05);HSPA8mRNA表达量在热应激4(P<0.05)、8(P<0.01)、12h(P<0.01)时显著高于应激前水平。在本试验条件下,38℃急性热应激能够抑制山羊的免疫和抗氧化功能;提高血淋巴细胞HSPA1A、HSPA6和HSPA8基因的表达量,其中HSPA1A对热应激温度和时间更敏感,可作为山羊热应激早期的分子标志物。     

不同苜蓿根瘤菌固氮能力和黄酮变异研究

从重庆、安徽和新疆3个地区的宿主苜蓿上分别分离纯化出1个根瘤菌菌株。将3个菌株分别接种到WL323和阿尔冈金两个品种苜蓿上。分析不同处理的固氮能力和它们的芦丁的含量,以及黄酮含量和固氮的关系。结果表明：固氮能力、芦丁、黄酮含量都受到根瘤菌菌株、苜蓿品种和两者的相互作用影响;并且各组合的芦丁含量与固氮量之间成负相关,黄酮含量越高,固氮量越少。     

半干旱草原主要植物光能和水分利用特征的研究

在植物生长季内测定了内蒙古半干旱草原6种主要植物的光合和水分利用特征，比较了植物之间在光能和水分利用方面的差异，认为水分利用效率难以反应植物对干旱的适应性，而其倒数－水分竞争系数是较好的表征指标；植物的光能利用效率和水分竞争系数之间存在补偿关系；半干旱草原主要植物适应环境的方式不同，它们在光能和水分资源生态位上存在分离。     

Effects on animal performance and sward composition of mixed and sequential grazing of permanent pasture by cattle and sheep

Previous experiments have shown that mixed or conjoint grazing, when two or more animal species are grazed together, can lead to improved performance of one or more of the species and a higher total output per unit area. Sequential grazing systems, when different animal species graze an area in succession, also have the potential to improve productivity. This experiment directly compared these two approaches for integrating the grazing of cattle and sheep when pastured on improved permanent pasture. Four treatments were compared: 1) sheep only from May to October (S/S); 2) cattle only from May to July followed by sheep only from August to October (C/S); 3) cattle and sheep from May to July, sheep only for the rest of the growing season (C + S/S); and 4) cattle and sheep from May to October (C + S/C + S). Each treatment was replicated three times. From May until weaning at the end of July the plots were grazed by steers and ewes and lambs, and from weaning until October by steers and lambs. Sward heights were maintained at 6 cm using a “put and take” stocking system. Animal performance and sward composition data were collected during three growing seasons, 2001–2003. During the pre-weaning period lambs grazing plots which were grazed only by sheep had significantly poorer growth rates than those grazing plots where there was mixed grazing. Lambs grazing the sheep only plots also had lower liveweight gain during the post-weaning period, with the highest growth rates being recorded on the C + S/C + S treatment. Carrying capacity and total liveweight gain per unit area post-weaning were also consistently higher for the C + S/C + S treatment, while carrying capacity pre-weaning was highest for the C/S treatment. Measurements of clover content in the grazed horizon and botanical separation of material from quadrat cuts indicated that even under relatively controlled conditions choice of grazing system can influence sward composition. However, there was no clear link between any single sward change and the growth of the animals, indicating that the improved performance of cattle and sheep under mixed grazing is the result of a combination of factors, rather than a response to a particular sward parameter.     

基于3S技术的甘南州生态健康与生态承载力耦合

摘要：生态承载力是生态系统整体水平的主要特征之一,其定量分析已成为生态环境管理和区域可持续发展决策的有效依据。本研究以甘南藏族自治州为对象,运用Landsat TM、ETM+等遥感影像数据及统计年鉴数据,建立了基于生态系统健康的生态承载力评价指标体系。利用3S（GIS、RS、GPS）技术对主要指标（如NDVI指数等）进行空间数据分析处理,通过加速遗传层次分析法（AGA AHP）获得各指标权重,采用状态空间法定量研究2000-2008年甘南州各县(市)基于生态健康的生态承载力状况。结果显示,2000-2008年甘南地区资源环境承载力、生态弹性力持续下降和人类社会影响力上升是构成该区生态承载力下降的主要原因。在过去近10年间,资源环境承载力处于“不健康”状态;生态弹性力等级由“亚健康”下降至“不健康”;人类社会影响力由“病态”等级变为“不健康”等级,基于以上三者综合分析,近10年生态承载力总体为“亚健康”状态。     

青岛市畜禽粪污土地承载力及粪便资源化利用策略

根据青岛市畜牧业和种植业实际情况,测算了该市畜禽粪污土地承载力,分析了青岛市畜禽粪便资源化利用存在的主要问题,提出了合理规划产业布局、发展种养结合、完善财政投入和补贴机制、发展专业化服务组织、加快技术研发和示范推广及完善信息化监管手段等方面的对策建议,以期为优化调整畜牧业布局、促进种养结合、推进畜禽粪污资源化利用、引导畜牧业绿色发展提供理论依据。