Formulation,acceptability, chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of novel snack food and meat ball analogue

Potato purée and wheat flour were blended at ratio of 7:1 w/w with 2 parts per weight of soybean protein concentrate (SPC) and/or faba bean-protein micellar mass (PMM). Two snack foods were formulated and deep fried. Spices, onion, parsley and chicken stock were added to the aforementioned two recipes to formulate meat ball analogues. Data revealed good acceptability of all products. Moreover, they can be considered as a good source for some essential amino acids; protein (26%); lipids (20%); carbohydrates (48%) and minerals. The in vitro digestibility ranged between 61.0% and 66.9%.     

Studies on Persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum)

Drying of leaf protein concentrate (LPC) in either a cabinet dehydrator or in a steam heated drum drier adversely affected extractability of lipids and availability of essential amino acids. Extraction of heated protein with chloroform: methanol mixture or acetone improved availability of amino acids. The amount of available essential amino acids in the freeze dried LPC was also increased by solvent extraction.     

Concentrate levels and Saccharomyces cerevisiae affect rumen fluid-associated bacteria numbers in dairy heifers

Total viable rumen bacteria counts through the use of colony-unit forming assays lack accuracy because they only include culturable bacteria capable of initiating cell division. Thus, bacterial counts can be underestimated. The use of fluorescent characteristics of cell membranes allows flow cytometry to enumerate and distinguish dead from live bacteria cells. The objective of this experiment was to investigate the viable and total ruminal bacteria counts when 3 levels of forage:concentrate in diets were fed at restricted levels with the addition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (YC). Three cannulated post-pubertal Holstein heifers (age 18 ± 1.0 months) were fed corn silage (CS)-based diets in a 3-period (35 d) Latin square design. Heifers were fed the diets for 21 d with no yeast addition, followed by 14 d where yeast culture (YC) was added (1 g/kg as-fed basis); (Yea-Sacc¹⁰²⁶, Alltech, Inc., Nicholasville, KY). A low concentrate (LC) TMR (80% CS, 20% concentrate; 12.4% CP, 35% NDF), a medium concentrate (MC) TMR (60% CS, 40% concentrate; 12.3% CP. 28% NDF), and a high concentrate (HC) TMR (40% CS, 60% concentrate; 12.6% CP, 25% NDF), were fed once per day. Rumen fluid was sampled − 2, 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 h after feeding. Samples were immediately stained with fluorescent dyes using the BacLight kit (Molecular Probes Inc., Eugene, OR) and analyzed with a Coulter XL-MCL single laser flow cytometer. Mean rumen viable bacteria counts linearly increased among treatments (4.96, 4.78, 6.73 × 10¹¹ ± 0.53 × 10¹¹ cells/ml; P = 0.02) for LC, MC and HC respectively, and YC addition increased number of viable bacteria cells (P < 0.01). Total and viable bacteria counts decreased for the first 2 h after feeding then increased 4 h post-feeding. Dietary concentrate level and YC can alter rumen bacteria counts as measured by this method.     

Evaluation of the nutritional value of prototype lupin protein concentrates when fed to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

This study examines the palatability and discrete nutritional evaluation of some prototype lupin protein concentrates (PC) when fed to rainbow trout. Products were developed from both Lupinus angustifolius and Lupinus luteus kernel meals with an increase in protein of 415 g/kg DM to 690 g/kg DM for L. angustifolius and 545 g/kg DM to 750 g/kg DM for L. luteus, respectively. This study completes a three-phase approach to evaluating the nutritional value of these products. The digestibility of energy, nitrogen, phosphorus and organic matter were determined in earlier studies using the diet substitution approach. The apparent digestibility of the energy from the L. angustifolius PC and the L. luteus PC along with the apparent protein digestibility were used to formulate two series of experimental diets to examine both the palatability and discrete nutritional value of the products. Serial inclusion of either PC at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% into a typical salmonid diet specification allowed an examination of the palatability of each product. Additional negative controls, based on the 0% diets with inclusion of sulfamerazine sodium, were included in the experiment to demonstrate the capacity of the experiment to detect significant palatability issues. No significant effects of inclusion of either PC on any fish performance criteria, such as feed intake or growth, were identified. In contrast, significant reductions in feed intake and consequently growth were observed from fish fed either of the negative controls. This experiment demonstrated that each PC was highly palatable at inclusion levels up to and including 40% of the diet. Using a protein-limited-restrictively-fed experimental approach the discrete nutritional utilisation of each PC was defined. Growth of fish fed the PC treatments was not significantly different to that of the 0% reference diet. Two control diets with substitutions of cellulose to an equivalent inclusion level to that of the PC have provided an indication of the net benefit of the test ingredients. This experiment demonstrated that each PC provided equivalent nutritional value to the fish at either of the two inclusion levels (20% and 40%) evaluated. These PCs differed in their viscosity and gelling properties which may allow feed manufacturers the opportunity to manipulate the physical attributes of their feeds. Together, these studies clearly show that the prototype PCs have substantial potential as a prospective feed ingredient for the aquaculture sector.     

Aqueous fractionation improves the nutritional value of wheat distillers grains for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Fractionation of wheat wet distillers grains (WWDG) was performed to reduce non‐starch polysaccharides (NSP) and increase protein content. WWDG was collected from two ethanol plants, and protein was extracted by the addition of water, autoclaving to precipitate protein and drying in a forced air oven at 55 °C to create WWDG–protein concentrate (WWDG–PC). This process increased crude protein (CP) and decreased NSP in the WWDG–PC (P < 0.05). Dry matter and energy digestibility of WWDG–PC in rainbow trout were increased by fractionation (P < 0.05). A 56‐day growth trial was performed to determine the effect of feeding WWDG–PC on growth performance of rainbow trout. Rainbow trout (n = 18/tank; body weight = 231 g; 3 tanks/treatment) were fed diets containing 0, 75, 150, 225 or 300 g kg^?1 WWDG–PC. All diets were formulated to contain 386 g kg^?1 digestible CP and 17.6 MJ kg^?1 digestible energy. There was no significant linear or quadratic relationship between inclusion rate and growth, feed intake or feed conversion, indicating that at inclusion levels of up to 300 g kg^?1 of WDDG–PC does not reduce the growth performance of rainbow trout.     

大豆浓缩蛋白替代鱼粉对大菱鲆摄食、生长及体组成的影响

研究了大豆浓缩蛋白(SPC)替代鱼粉对大菱鲆生长及生理生化指标的影响。5种饲料分别含有0、12.0%、25.0%、37.0%和49.5%的SPC以替代相应的鱼粉,并分别添加0、0.83%、1.65%、2.48%和3.30%的必需氨基酸混合物(L-lysine∶DL-methionine∶L-leucine∶Lvaline∶L-threonine=18∶6∶3∶2.5∶2)以平衡各组饲料的氨基酸组成。每种饲料投喂3个水族箱(300 L),每个水族箱放养实验鱼16尾,实验鱼初始体质量为(31.1±0.1)g。经过9周生长实验,结果显示随着饲料中SPC替代水平的升高,大菱鲆摄食率、特定生长率均显著下降(P0.001)。然而,当使用0~37.0%的SPC替代鱼粉时,各处理组饲料效率和蛋白质效率未出现显著差异(P0.05)。饲料中SPC替代鱼粉对大菱鲆鱼体水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪及灰分含量均无显著影响(P0.05)。各处理组干物质和粗蛋白的表观消化率之间也未出现显著差异(P0.05)。研究表明,在本实验条件下SPC不能作为大菱鲆饲料中替代鱼粉的有效蛋白源,造成SPC替代效果较差的主要原因是其对大菱鲆饲料适口性的显著影响。     

配饵中大豆浓缩蛋白不同含量对中华绒螯蟹氮、磷排泄的影响

以鱼粉和大豆浓缩蛋白(SPC)为主要饵料蛋白源,配制了大豆浓缩蛋白水平分别为0%、11%、22%、33%、44%、56%的系列饵料,替代鱼粉的比例分别为0%、18.64%、37.93%、56.89%、77.19和100%。经70d投喂,测定中华绒螯蟹氨氮和活性磷酸盐排泄率。结果表明,当SPC替代鱼粉的比例为0%～56.89%时,中华绒螯蟹的氨氮排泄率虽有所升高,但没有显著差异(P>0.05);SPC的替代比例超过56.89%时,中华绒螯蟹的氨氮排泄率则显著性升高(P<0.05);SPC替代鱼粉的比例与中华绒螯蟹氨氮排泄率的相关方程为y=0.1197x 0.168(R2=0.8131)。SPC替代鱼粉的比例与中华绒螯蟹活性磷酸盐排泄率成显著负相关,方程为y=-0.0739x 0.6246(R2=0.9489)。     

Morphometric evaluation of changes in the digestive tract of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) due to fish meal replacement with soy protein concentrate

Effects of the complete replacement of fish meal (FM) by soy protein concentrate (SPC) in high-energy diets (23 MJ kg^− 1 gross energy) on intestinal and liver histology were investigated in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). We developed a novel morphometric method to quantify the changes at the macro- and micromorphology level. Fish were acclimatized to the diet for 90 d and were then fed 1.0 g kg BW^− 1 d^− 1 once per day for 14 d before 10 fish per diet were randomly sampled, 6 h after their last meal. Fold height, epithelium length, stroma proportion of the proximal and distal intestines were not affected by the diet. No significant diet effect was detected on the features of the valve in the distal intestine. Fold height was linked to epithelium length in the proximal and distal intestines and this relationship was not modified by FM replacement. Enterocyte height and width were lower in SPC-fed fish in the distal intestine, but in the proximal intestine their morphology was not affected by the diet. There was no diet effect on the number of cells infiltered between the enterocytes in the proximal and distal intestines. The enterocyte nucleus was closer to the apex in the proximal and distal intestines in SPC-fed fish, but the features of the nucleus were not affected by the diet. The mean hepatocyte volume was on an average 36% lower in SPC-fed fish and was positively correlated to the hepatosomatic index for fish fed this diet only. In conclusion, SPC used in the present study did not either cause inflammatory reaction of the gut nor affected the epithelium surface. We suggest that the modifications due to SPC are linked to variations in the metabolic status of the enterocyte.     

乳清蛋白对羊、牛混合乳粉发酵乳品质的影响

本试验研究了不同比例羊奶粉、脱脂牛乳粉及浓缩乳清蛋白WPC-34代替部分混合奶粉生产酸乳,对酸乳发酵品质特性的影响,测定了pH值、滴定酸度、黏度和持水性,并做了感官评价。结果表明,用脱脂牛乳粉和羊奶粉按不同比例制作酸乳时（乳固形物恒定为13％）,随着羊奶粉比例的增加,凝块变软,黏度降低,NpH值和滴定酸度变化不明显,在羊奶粉比例小于70％时感官评价分数降低不明显,然而当大于70％时感官评价有明显的下降趋势。当使用WPC-34替代混合乳粉（固形物含量为13％）发酵酸乳时,在替代率为10％-40％时滴定酸度、黏度、持水性均出现了先上升后下降的趋势,各项指标均在替代率为20％时达到最好。     

犊牛肺炎性疾病的病原分离鉴定及耐药性分析

从患肺炎的两头病死犊牛肺脏组织中分离得到两株致病菌,经染色镜检、生化鉴定,并结合分子生物学鉴定,结果显示,分离菌均为牛源荚膜血清A型多杀性巴氏杆菌。采用试管–琼脂二倍稀释法测定8种抗菌药物对分离菌的最小抑菌浓度,结果表明,两株菌的耐药谱相似,均对氟苯尼考、环丙沙星和强力霉素等药物敏感,对其它抗菌药物呈不同程度的耐药,其揭示的耐药规律对指导临床用药具有重要意义。