水温对黑脊倒刺鲃胚胎发育的影响及其胚后发育观察

研究水温对黑脊倒刺鲃胚胎发育的影响,并对其胚后发育进行观察.结果表明,在水温22～32℃时,胚胎均能孵化出膜,孵化时间为70.33～35.83 h,水温与孵化速率成极显著的直线相关关系.孵化率与水温存在极显著的二次曲线相关关系,以孵化率70%和80%分别作为胚胎发育的合适水温范围和最适水温范围的上下限标准,由孵化率与水温的回归曲线方程可以推算出,合适水温范围和最适水温范围分别为24.3～29.0℃和25.6～27.8℃;以孵化率50%作为判断胚胎发育适宜温度范围的标准,由回归曲线可以推算出,黑脊倒刺钯胚胎发育的适宜水温范围为22.8～30.5℃,通过曲线求导数计算极值的方法求得水温26.7℃时,孵化率达最大值.在水温24.2～33.0℃时,5日龄仔鱼进入混合营养期,8日龄进入晚期仔鱼,21日龄进入稚鱼期;从初孵仔鱼到28日龄,全长与日龄成直线相关,日平均生长0.6 mm.人工催产应选择连续晴天和水温保持在24.3～29.0℃时进行.     

不同贮藏年限老芒麦种胚线粒体抗氧化功能的变化规律

种子在自然贮藏过程中常常伴随着内部生理机能的恶化,线粒体作为种子内活性氧（reactive oxide species,ROS）产生的主要位点是最先遭到破坏的细胞器。为探讨不同贮藏年限对老芒麦种胚线粒体抗氧化功能的影响,本试验以室温贮藏0～4年的老芒麦种子为材料,分析比较其老化规律及种胚线粒体抗氧化特性的变化规律。结果表明：随着贮藏年限的延长,老芒麦种子发芽势、发芽率和种苗鲜重逐渐下降,死种子逐渐增多,种胚线粒体苹果酸脱氢酶（mitochondria malate dehydrogenase,MDH）、谷胱甘肽还原酶（glutathione reductase,GR）、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶（monodehydroascorbate reductase,MDHAR）活性逐渐下降,但在死种子中超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD）活性显著升高。此外,在贮藏过程中老芒麦种胚线粒体O₂^·-产生速率不断上升,而H₂O₂含量则呈现逐渐降低的趋势,表明线粒体中O₂^·-的积累与细胞氧化损伤密切相关。     

白藜芦醇和褪黑素对绵羊胎儿成纤维细胞转染及卵母细胞体外成熟的影响

试验旨在利用白藜芦醇(Re)和褪黑素(MT)提高绵羊胎儿成纤维细胞电穿孔转染(电转)效率、优化卵母细胞体外成熟体系,以提高转基因动物生产效率。将绵羊胎儿成纤维细胞分为6组:对照组、添加白藜芦醇高、中、低(R^-5、R^-6、R^-7)3种浓度组及白藜芦醇和褪黑素联合添加组(R^-5M^-5、R^-6M^-7),通过电转效率和细胞凋亡情况确定电转体系优化方案;通过对细胞周期、线粒体膜电位及活性氧(ROS)的检测研究其作用机制。将绵羊卵母细胞分为对照组及白藜芦醇和褪黑素(R^-5M^-5、R^-6M^-7)联合添加组,通过绵羊卵母细胞体外成熟后卵丘细胞扩展、第一极体排出及体外受精胚胎的卵裂率检测其对卵母细胞体外成熟的作用。研究结果显示,分离的绵羊胎儿成纤维细胞P3代增殖旺盛,细胞生长曲线呈典型的S型;与对照组相比,所有试验组胎儿成纤维细胞的电转效率均显著提高(P<0.05),R^-5M^-5组电转效率最高;R^-6M^-7组显著降低细胞凋亡率(P<0.05),R^-5、R^-6、R^-5M^-5和R^-6M^-7组均显著促进细胞增殖(P<0.05);R^-6、R^-7、R^-5M^-5和R^-6M^-7组G1期细胞增加,S期细胞相对减少,但差异均不显著(P>0.05);R^-6、R^-7、R^-5M^-5和R^-6M^-7组成纤维细胞内ROS水平均显著降低(P<0.05),R^-6、R^-5M^-5和R^-6M^-7组线粒体膜电位均显著增加(P<0.05);R^-6M^-7组显著促进绵羊卵丘细胞扩展、提高卵母细胞第一极体排出率和体外受精胚胎发育能力(P<0.05)。综上,白藜芦醇和褪黑素可以优化绵羊胎儿成纤维细胞电转体系,提高卵母细胞体外成熟效率,为白藜芦醇和褪黑素在转基因动物生产中的应用提供参考依据。     

Optimal conditions for egg storage, incubation and post-hatching growth for the freshwater turtle, Chelodina rugosa: Science in support of an indigenous enterprise

Incubation of northern snake-necked turtle (Chelodina rugosa) eggs and subsequent sale of hatchlings for the pet industry has the potential to provide culturally suitable employment for indigenous communities in northern Australia. Developmental arrest in response to egg inundation is unique to C. rugosa. Eggs can be stored under water for up to 10 weeks without appreciable impact on egg or embryo survival, allowing the transport and sale of eggs into niche markets without high levels of mortality, and permitting eggs to accumulate in diapause until there are sufficient numbers to incubate as batches. Eggs that are not inundated or inundated for short periods experience similar survival rates to eggs inundated for lengthy periods. Incubation temperature influences embryo survival and development period in C. rugosa. Embryonic survival is greatest at 26 °C, steadily declining as temperature increases to 32 °C. A similar increase in incubation temperature decreases incubation period by approximately 40 days, however almost half of this variation is attributed to the increase in incubation temperature from 26 to 28 °C. Hatchling growth in C. rugosa is characterized by two phases. There is an initial phase of relatively slow growth under the partial influence of initial egg size and incubation duration, followed by a second phase of relatively rapid growth under the partial influence of water temperature and mass at hatching. Post-hatching survival is negatively correlated with duration of egg inundation and water temperature. Evidence suggests that inundation of C. rugosa eggs for 6 weeks, incubation of embryos at 28 °C and raising hatchlings in 28 °C water will yield the best overall outcomes.     

Embryonic tissue extracts modulate cell-fate determination in human epidermal stem cells

AIM: To investigate the phenotypic changes and cell-fate determination of keratinocyte stem cells in vitro. METHODS: Improved collagen Ⅳ-coated adhesion method was used to isolate and culture the keratinocyte stem cells after neutron-protease selectively digested the dermo-epidermal junctions. Morphological features and identification of these immature cells were studied by immunochemistry and confocal microscopy analysis. After treated with extracts from 14-day-old mouse fetuses at the concentration of 10% (W/V), phenotypic changes and the cell-fate determination of keratinocyte stem cells (KSCs) were detected by flow FACS analysis and RT-PCR assays. RESULTS: Immunocytochemical analysis proved that KSCs and their subunits were positive for α₆ and β₁ integrin, keratin 19 and 14, p63, nestin and PCNA, yet negative for keratin 10 expressions. Double staining immunofluorescence demonstrated that markers such as α₆ integrin and CD71 was co-expressed in KSCs, and there were important regional differences in the distribution of α6 integrin and CD71 in KSCs and transit amplifying cells (TA cells). Meanwhile, two-color flow cytometric analysis of α₆ integrin and CD71 consistently revealed that after treated with an extract from mouse fetuses, the percent of α+6 CD71+ and CD71+ fraction increased and reached to 68.43% and 4.51% of the total isolated cells, respectively. However, the percent of α+6 CD71- fraction reduced from 22.49% to 10.92% determined by flow cytometry. Moreover, the expression levels of β₁ integrin and some putative biological markers in human epidermal cells were analyses by RT-PCR after fetus extract treatment. The relative gene expressions of β₁ integrin, K19 and K10 increased in KSCs, whereas the expression of K14 in keratinocyte stem cells was observed to be significantly suppressed when compared to the appropriate controls. CONCLUSION: The keratinocyte stem cells isolated by collagen Ⅳ-coated adhesion method have some characteristics of adult stem cells and perhaps the potentiality to differentiate and cross-differentiate. The regional differences in the distribution of α6 integrin and CD71 are one of the transition markers to discriminate the KSCs and TA cells. Furthermore, fetus extracts contribute to not only the proliferation and self-renewal of KSCs but also the dedifferentiation of TA cell subunits.     

农杆菌介导油菜油体基因与碱性成纤维细胞生长因子融合基因转化油菜研究

1材料与方法 1．1材料 1．1．1供试材料。白菜型油菜苏州青,市售。 1．1．2菌株及质粒。采用根癌农杆菌LBA4404,该菌株含有植物双元表达载体pCAMBIA1390,油菜油体基因与bFGF的融合基因已整合到该载体上,该融合基因由油菜油体基因启动子启动。植物基因组提取试剂盒购自北京百泰克生物技术有限公司,Southern检测试剂盒为DIG High Prime DNA Labeling and Detection Starter Kit I,购于Roche公司。     

黄条鰤胚胎发育和早期仔鱼生长的温盐适应特性

采用实验生态学、形态测度和分子生物学的方法,研究了温度、盐度对大洋性经济鱼类黄条鰤(Seriola aureovittata)胚胎孵化率、初孵仔鱼畸形率、内源性营养吸收利用、生长基因表达、存活指数(SAI)和饥饿不可逆点(PNR)的影响,并对早期仔鱼活力进行了评价。结果显示,在最适水温20~22 ℃条件下,胚胎孵化率最高,达75%~81%,且初孵仔鱼畸形率低于6.7%,胚胎发育的温度系数Q10值最接近2,且初孵仔鱼全长和卵黄囊体积最大。受精卵在盐度＞30时漂浮在水面,而在盐度为20~25时悬浮在水中,在盐度为10~15时下沉于水底部。受精卵胚胎发育的最适盐度范围为30~35,胚胎孵化率达79%~80%,初孵仔鱼畸形率低于6.0%。在4个不同温度条件下(18、20、22、24 ℃)初孵仔鱼卵黄囊吸收利用速率随着温度的升高而加快。不同盐度条件下,初孵仔鱼的SAI值表明,盐度为30~35时,仔鱼的SAI值较高且峰值出现在盐度为30组,而盐度为10组仔鱼SAI值最低。在水温为20~22 ℃时,6 d仔鱼的初次摄食率最高(78%),PNR出现在7~8 d。初孵仔鱼在水温为20~24 ℃、盐度为30~35条件下,IGF-1 mRNA表达水平显著高于其他实验组。饥饿条件下,IGF-1 mRNA在饥饿后第2天显著升高,其后在第3~4天显著下降,但仍保持较高表达水平,随着饥饿的进行继续下降至显著低于开口期表达水平。本研究明确了黄条鰤受精卵孵化的最适温度为20~22 ℃、最适盐度为30~35,并建立了初孵仔鱼活力评价的指标,研究结果可为建立规范化的黄条鰤胚胎孵化和苗种培育技术提供依据。     

日本米虾胚胎发育及离体孵化

本研究采用自制离体孵化装置,对日本米虾(Caridina japonica)不同发育期胚胎进行离体孵化研究,结果显示,水温为25.5℃时,日本米虾受精卵孵化大约需要25 d,发育积温为637.5℃。胚胎发育历经受精卵、卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠胚期、前无节幼体期、后无幼体期、前溞状幼体期和膜内溞状幼体期8个时期。各期离体胚胎均能孵化出幼体,膜内溞状幼体期离体胚胎孵化率最高,为(80.7±2.4)%,非离体孵化的对照组为(79.1±4.9)%,二者差异不显著;卵裂期离体胚胎孵化率最低,为(28.2±2.6)%,与对照组差异显著。各组离体胚胎所孵化出的Ⅰ期(ZⅠ)和Ⅱ期溞状幼体(ZⅡ)的变态率无显著差异。温度对日本米虾前溞状幼体期胚胎离体孵化影响显著,在15.0℃~32.5℃范围内,随水温升高孵化时间逐渐缩短,15.0℃时,前溞状幼体离体孵化时间为(436.8±124.8) h,32.5℃时缩短至(228.0±88.8) h,但温度高于29.0℃时,孵化出的幼体变态率开始下降。本研究可为日本米虾繁殖生物学及甲壳动物胚胎离体孵化技术研究提供参考。     

中华鳖GHITM cDNA基因克隆及表达分析

为研究GHITM基因在中华鳖(Trionyx sinensis)胚胎发育及生长中的作用,本研究通过RT-PCR和RACE方法获得了中华鳖GHITM全长cDNA序列;采用实时荧光定量PCR对GHITM mRNA组织表达及不同温度孵化胚胎发育过程中的表达特性进行分析。结果显示,中华鳖GHITM cDNA序列长度为2650 bp,开放阅读框为1050 bp,5?非编码区为123 bp,3?非编码区为1477 bp,编码349个氨基酸,编码蛋白的等电点为10.01,分子量为37.12 kDa。GHITM编码氨基酸序列由胞外区、跨膜区和胞内区组成,7个跨膜域组成跨膜区。GHITM编码氨基酸序列的同源性分析显示,中华鳖与锦龟(Chrysemys picta bellii)和绿海龟(Chelonia mydas)同属一个分支,3种鳄鱼构成一个分支,7种鸟类形成一个分支。实时荧光定量检测显示,GHITM基因在肝脏、肌肉和脑垂体中的表达水平较高,显著高于心脏、性腺、肠、肾脏和脾脏组织(P<0.05);50 g左右和500 g左右雄性个体肝脏中的GHITM基因表达量显著高于雌性个体(P<0.05);低温胁迫孵化能显著抑制胚胎肝脏中GHITM基因的表达(P<0.05)。上述研究结果表明,GHITM基因与中华鳖生长和胚胎发育密切相关,其在中华鳖胚胎中的表达受孵化温度调节。本研究为探讨中华鳖胚胎发育和生长提供理论依据。     

鳗鲡（Anguilla japonica）胚胎发育与水温和盐度的关系

实验结果表明，鳗鲡胚胎发育与水温和盐度关系密切，在一定的水温范围内，胚胎发育所需时间与水温呈负相关关系，ｙ＝２４６．７７５ｅ＾－０．０８２ｘ。其合适水温范围是２０－２６℃，临界水温上限３０℃，下限１６℃；胚胎发育的合适盐度范围是１５－３５‰，临界盐度上限４０－４５‰，下限５－１０‰。胚胎孵化率与盐度呈二次曲线相关关系，ｙ＝３６．９３＋０．２３ｘ－０．１９ｘ＾２。