Under‐sown cover crops and post‐harvest mowing as measures to control Elymus repens

Two potential control methods for Elymus repens, which do not disturb the soil, are post‐harvest mowing and competition from under‐sown cover crops. Our aim was to quantify the effect of cover crop competition and mowing on E. repens and to evaluate the potential for combining the two methods. We present a two‐factorial split‐plot experiment conducted at three locations in Sweden, in two experimental rounds conducted in 2011–2012 and 2012–2013. A spring cereal crop was under‐sown with perennial ryegrass, red clover or a mixture of the two (subplots). Under‐sown crops were either not mowed, or mowed once or twice post‐harvest (main plots). This was followed by ploughing and a new spring cereal crop the next year. Mowing twice reduced autumn shoot biomass by up to 66% for E. repens and 50% for cover crops compared with the control, twice as much as mowing once. Pure ryegrass and mixture treatments reduced E. repens shoot biomass by up to 40% compared with the control. Mowing twice reduced rhizome biomass in the subsequent year by 35% compared with the control, while the pure red clover treatment increased it by 20–30%. Mowing twice and treatments including red clover resulted in higher subsequent grain yields. We concluded that repeated mowing has the potential to control E. repens, but a low‐yielding cover crop has insufficient effect on rhizome biomass. Clover–grass mixtures are of interest as cover crops, because they have the potential to increase subsequent crop yield and even at low levels they reduce E. repens above‐ground autumn growth.     

小麦-中间偃麦草蓝粒代换系的创制与鉴定

小麦的蓝粒性状可作为表型标记用于小麦育种和遗传学研究,来自中间偃麦草的蓝粒种质材料尚鲜见报道。本研究通过八倍体小偃麦中5 (2n=8x=56, AABBDDXX)与中国春缺-四体系列材料杂交,在中5×N4BT4A和中5×N7BT7D杂交组合后代中获得了两份蓝粒材料,编号分别为Zh5-a2-1和Zh5-c13-2。利用细胞遗传学和分子标记方法对这两份蓝粒材料进行了染色体组成分析。以中间偃麦草基因组DNA为探针的GISH分析显示,这两份蓝粒材料的染色体数均为2n=42,包括40条小麦染色体和两条中间偃麦草染色体。利用重复序列探针pSc119.2和pAs1进行的FISH分析表明,Zh5-a2-1和Zh5-c13-2均为二体代换系,被代换的一对小麦染色体分别为4B和4D。通过用St、E~e和E~b基因组DNA作探针进行GISH分析,证明这两份蓝粒代换系中的中间偃麦草染色体均为St组染色体,但与中5中的中间偃麦草染色体比较发现这对St组染色体的短臂端部发生了缺失。利用二倍体长穗偃麦草E~e基因组的SNP标记分析证明,两份蓝粒代换系中的中间偃麦草染色体与长穗偃麦草的4E~e染色体同源,即Zh5-a2-1和Zh5-c13-2分别为4St(4B)和4St(4D)代换系,命名为SubZh5-4St(4B)和SubZh5-4St(4D)。同时说明,中间偃麦草的4St染色体上带有蓝粒基因。通过对450个小麦SSR标记进行筛选,获得了4个可跟踪鉴定4St染色体的特异SSR标记。研究结果可用于蓝粒小麦品种的培育和中间偃麦草蓝粒基因的遗传学研究。     

偃麦草属5种植物种子发育过程中生理生化的研究

对偃麦草属5种植物种子发育特性研究表明,其种子在成熟过程中水分含量呈下降的趋势,达50%含水量后下降非常迅速;干物质重量随种子的成熟逐渐增加,进入生理成熟期趋于稳定;偃麦草属植物种子成熟后含水量、干鲜重和千粒重存在种间显著差异,其中长根茎的巴顿硬叶偃麦草种子含水量、干鲜重和千粒重最低,种子较小。发芽实验结果表明,偃麦草属5种植物种子发育存在明显种间差异,种子发芽率与根茎的发育程度呈负相关,根茎越长,其休眠程度越严重。采用电导率值能够较好地反映种子间活力差异。偃麦草属植物种子发育过程中种子活力逐渐提高,直至种子进入生理成熟期（水分含量40%～50%）达到最高。     

偃麦草属植物种质材料苗期耐盐性综合评价

采用温室苗期模拟NaCl盐分胁迫方法,对来自于21个国家的偃麦草属8个植物种34份种质材料苗期的叶片相对含水量、相对电导率、脯氨酸、K⁺/Na⁺、相对生长速度变化率、耐盐系数、存活率和出现盐害到死亡的时间等指标进行测定与分析,并对偃麦草属植物种质材料苗期的耐盐性进行综合评价。结果表明,上述指标均是偃麦草属植物种质材料苗期耐盐性评价的有效指标。且通过对0.9%NaCl浓度下的各项指标进行综合聚类,可将34份偃麦草属植物种质划分为3个耐盐级别,即耐盐种质有ER030、ER035、ER041、EE011、EE014、EE017、EE023、EE026、EE047、EH001、EH002和EPU02;中度耐盐种质有ER008、ER014、ER027、ER032、ER037、ER038、ER044、ER045、EE007、EE027、EJ001、EPO02、EPO03和EPO04;敏盐种质有ER028、ER033、ER036、ER039、EE022、EJ003、EL001和EI022。     

Genetic variation within eight populations of perennial forage grasses

Information on both mean performance and genetic variation is important in determining the value of germplasm for breeding via recurrent selection. The objectives of this experiment were to evaluate different methods of controlling spatial variation for forage yield, and to estimate genetic variances and heritability in eight perennial forage grass populations. Polycross families of two populations of smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.), two populations of hybrid wheatgrass (Elytrigia×muctonata (Opiz ex. Bercht.) Prokud.), and four populations of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) were field tested for 2 years. Spatial variation was present in all three progeny tests, but was well accounted for by either the incomplete block design or a nearest neighbour analysis (NNA) of yield potentials. Low rank correlations between adjusted family means for the incomplete block design vs. the NNA created the unanswered question of which would provide a more appropriate estimate of family mean performance. Genetic variation was detected in six out of eight populations for forage yield, four out of six populations for ground cover, all four orchardgrass populations for maturity and one of four orchardgrass populations for leafspot reaction (caused by Drechslera spp.). Excessive year-family interactions prevented detection of genetic variation for leafspot reaction in the other populations. Heritability estimates ranged from 0.30 to 0.42 for forage yield. In all three species, there was a trend toward a negative relationship between population mean and genetic variance, suggesting that less elite populations may need to contribute other traits to be useful in the short term.     

重金属Cd Zn对长穗偃麦草生理生化特性的影响及其积累能力研究

以长穗偃麦草为材料,采用土培试验方法,研究了重金属Cd、Zn单一及复合污染对长穗偃麦草的生物量、保护酶（SOD和POD）、丙二醛（MDA）、脯氨酸（Pro）的影响,及长穗偃麦草对Cd、Zn的积累能力。结果表明,Cd、Zn单一及复合污染下,长穗偃麦草生物量随Cd和Zn浓度的升高而降低,与对照存在显著差异（P〈0.05）;Cd和Zn单一污染下,随着Cd、Zn浓度的升高,SOD、POD、MDA、Pro含量增加;Cd和Zn复合污染下,随处理质量浓度的增加,SOD呈下降趋势,POD和MDA呈增加趋势。Cd10Zn200处理下Pro含量减少,随Cd和Zn质量浓度的增加,其他复合处理下的Pro含量增加;植株根部的Cd和Zn积累量均大于地上部的积累量。综合实验结果,可初步判断长穗偃麦草能积累和忍受一定量的Cd、Zn,Cd和Zn复合污染对上述各指标的毒害效应大于同水平单元素污染的效应。长穗偃麦草根茎发达,生物量大,在生长过程中可通过生物量带走部分重金属Cd、Zn,因此长穗偃麦草具有修复重金属Cd和Zn污染土壤的潜能。     

三个小麦野生近缘种抗条锈性传递的初步研究

 以当前小麦条锈病菌的优势小种条中29号、30号和31号测定了小麦近缘植物长穗偃麦草、簇毛麦和华山新麦草及其各自与小麦的杂交后代的抗条锈性。试验结果表明,3个小麦近缘植物均含有宝贵的抗条锈基因,此类基因具有较强的传递性能,可在小麦遗传背景下高度表达,表现出良好的抗条锈性能,具有广阔的应用前景。     

山蚂蝗属植物遗传多样性的AFLP分析

为探讨山蚂蝗属植物遗传多样性和亲缘关系,利用扩增片段长度多态性(AFLP)标记技术对46份山蚂蝗属植物种质进行遗传多样性分析,从64对引物中筛选出条带清晰、多态性高的2对引物E-AAC/M-CAA、E-AAG/M-CAA,共扩增出172条谱带,其中154条为多态性带,多态性检出率为89.53%,表明在分子水平上山蚂蝗属植物遗传多样性丰富。采用离差平方和法将46个供试材料分为6类,聚类结果与《中国植物志》的分类体系相吻合;其中,卵叶山蚂蝗和糙伏山蚂蝗可能也属于三点金亚属,卵叶山蚂蝗亲缘关系离大叶山蚂蝗较近,糙伏山蚂蝗离假地豆较近,这个结论可以为中国植物志的修订提供一个依据;引种材料CIAT350(29)与其他卵叶山蚂蝗的亲缘关系较远。总体来看,聚类结果与地理来源没有必然联系。此外,从本实验来看,AFLP技术扩增效率高,信息量大、结果稳定、重复性好,可用于山蚂蝗属植物的遗传多样性分析和鉴定。     

偃麦草属植物苗期耐盐性指标筛选及综合评价

对10份自国外引进的野生偃麦草属种质材料在不同梯度NaCl胁迫下,测定存活率、K /Na 、丙二醛含量、脯氨酸含量等12项指标,进行相关分析、主成分分析、隶属函数法和通径分析。结果表明,1)筛选出存活率、K /Na 、丙二醛含量、脯氨酸含量、生长胁迫指数、相对生长速度6个可以对偃麦草属植物耐盐性进行评价的指标;2)根据耐盐综合评价值(D)得出材料耐盐性排序为ZXY04P-6>ZXY04P-210>ZXY04P-29>ZXY04P-490>ZXY04P-176>ZXY04P-103>ZXY03P-271>ZXY04P-157>ZXY03P-444>ZXY03P-289;3)10个材料的耐盐性预测值(VP)与综合评价值(D)极显著相关。     

普通小麦与高冰草体细胞杂种F5代株系的核型分析

为了研究小麦与高冰草体细胞杂种的细胞遗传学规律，对普通小麦济南177与高冰草的体细胞杂种F5代的高秆株系Ⅰ-1-9和矮秆株系Ⅱ-1-3的根尖染色体数目进行了镜检观察，结果表明，两个株系分别有86.59%和82.45%的细胞其染色体数目分布在40-42之间。核型分析发现，Ⅰ-1-9和Ⅱ-1-3与亲本济南177的差别主要在2A、5A和6B染色体上，而且与亲本相比染色体发生结构变异，两个杂种株系之间亦存在明显的染色体形态差异。