Thermal degradation kinetics of bioactive compounds from black rice flour (Oryza sativa L.) extracts

The effect of thermal processing on the degradation of the phytochemicals in black rice flour by means of fluorescence spectroscopy and degradation kinetics was investigated. In order to investigate the influence of food matrices, a comparative analysis between integral rice flour and different fractions was performed. The preliminary compositional results suggested a higher content in phytochemicals in fraction four of the seven fractions of black rice flour, which was sifting through a sieve with a diameter of 180 μm. The compositional complexity was highlighted by fluorescence spectroscopy. The heat-treatment caused structural changes that led to red- or blue-shifts in maximum emission. The first-order kinetic model was used to describe the mechanism of degradation. The activation energies were 10.07 ± 1.04 kJ/mol for total polyphenolic, 7.26 ± 0.58 kJ/mol for total monomeric anthocyanins and 6.71 ± 1.12 kJ/mol for antioxidant activity in case of integral flour extract. For fraction four extract obtained by, the E_a values were: 3.51 ± 0.53 kJ/mol, 11.49 ± 1.47 kJ/mol, 15.80 ± 1.50 kJ/mol and 19.91 ± 3.27 kJ/mol, respectively. The calculated values of the activation energy revealed higher temperature dependence of total polyphenols in integral flour and of antioxidant activity in fraction four, respectively.     

福建若干山地土壤不同形态氧化铁的主组元分析

研究福建4条代表性山地土壤垂直带谱中铁的形态的结果表明,氧化铁的活化度和游离度随海拔升高而呈现规律性的变化,应用主组元分析法,前两个主组元全铁和游离铁的累计贡献率已达85％以上。据此认为,氧化铁的活化度可以作为划分常湿润铁铝土亚纲和湿润铁铝土亚纲的一项参考依据。     

长期施肥下红壤性水稻土有效磷的演变特征及对磷平衡的响应

【目的】分析长期不同施肥下土壤有效磷含量、全磷含量、土壤磷素盈亏和磷素活化效率（PAC）的动态变化,探讨不同施肥下水稻土磷素演变特征及与磷平衡的响应关系。【方法】基于1982年开始的红壤性水稻土长期不同施肥定位试验,试验包括不施肥（CK）、有机肥（牛粪,M）、氮磷钾肥（NPK）、氮磷钾肥＋有机肥（NPKM）、氮磷肥＋有机肥（NPM）、氮钾肥＋有机肥（NKM）和磷钾肥＋有机肥（PKM）共7个处理。【结果】经过30年不同施肥,土壤有效磷含量均呈上升趋势。M、NKM、NPK、NPM、NPKM和PKM处理土壤有效磷含量变化速率分别为0.18、0.20、0.83、1.35、1.46和1.62 mg·kg^-1·a^-1。M、NPK、PKM、NPM和NPKM处理土壤全磷增加速率分别约为4.3、15.4、16.0、18.3和22.9 mg·kg^-1·a^-1。所有施肥处理,土壤中磷素均有盈余,磷素盈余量与土壤有效磷增加量呈显著正相关关系（P＜0.05）,土壤中每盈余100 kg P·hm^-2,M、NKM、NPM、NPKM、PKM和NPK6个处理的土壤有效磷含量分别增加0.4、0.7、1.9、2.1、2.2和3.2 mg·kg^-1。在土壤中磷素盈余量接近的情况下,单施化肥（NPK）的PAC显著高于单施有机肥（M）处理（P＜0.05）。【结论】化学磷肥和有机肥配施相比单施化肥或有机肥能够显著提高红壤性水稻土土壤有效磷、全磷含量和磷素活化效率。     

化学处理木材的动态粘弹性研究

为了弄清楚不同化学试剂处理引起木材内部分子构造的变化及其分子的运动状态,该研究针对杉木试材,采用动态粘弹性分析仪,测定了含水率在纤维饱和点状态下脱木素处理木材、DMSO处理木材和非晶化处理木材以及素材,在-100～10℃、0.5～10 Hz的动态粘弹性.研究结果表明:①在-100～10℃范围内观察到两个松弛过程,-30℃附近的α松弛过程和-100℃附近的β松弛过程;②频率越高,损耗模量峰值对应的温度越高,贮存模量随着温度的升高而降低;③α松弛过程中非晶化处理木材的活化能最高,DMSO处理木材次之,脱木素处理木材与素材接近;④木材发生α松弛过程的主要原因是吸着水分子的回转取向运动,发生β松弛过程的主要原因是无定形区细胞壁物质中的伯醇羟基基团的运动.      

植物生长调节剂在啤酒大麦上的增产效果试验初报

啤酒大麦使用W -HE生物表面活化剂、C -HE植物生长调节剂、喷施宝、丰产宝、生根粉能促进大麦生育前期的生长发育 ,增加分蘖 ,抑制后期的节间生长 ,有利于根系的发育和干物质的积累 ,对植株有较为明显的活化和调节作用 ,增产效果明显     

浸入式经历者框架——一种语言理解体验观

在体验认知思潮的影响下,ZWAAN(2004)提出了的浸入式经历者框架,认为理解者是所描述的情境的一位沉浸其中的经历者,理解就是对这一情境的身临其境的经历.浸入式经历者框架将语言加工划分为激活、解读和整合3个成份,与现实情境的事物、事件和事件系列对应,力图从体验的角度揭示语言理解的过程,为语言理解研究提供了一种思路.     

尼罗罗非鱼Foxp1a/b的cDNA克隆及表达模式研究

为探讨低等脊椎动物Foxp1与免疫细胞活化及机体雌激素水平的相关性,本研究首次分离克隆了尼罗罗非鱼 (Oreochromis niloticus) Foxp1的开放阅读框序列,并通过real-time PCR对其mRNA表达水平进行检测。结果显示,尼罗罗非鱼具有两种不同基因编码的Foxp1分子,分别命名为OnFoxp1a与OnFoxp1b;OnFoxp1a为1710 bp,由15个外显子编码569个氨基酸,OnFoxp1b为2040 bp,由16个外显子编码679个氨基酸;OnFoxp1a/b均含有Foxp亚家族的特征性结构,即锌指结构、亮氨酸拉链样结构和叉状螺旋结构;与OnFoxp1a相比,OnFoxp1b与高等脊椎动物Foxp1具有更近的亲缘关系。Real-time PCR检测结果显示,OnFoxp1a/b几乎在所有组织中均有表达,OnFoxp1a在精巢中有高水平表达, OnFoxp1b在心脏中有高水平表达,同时OnFoxp1b在免疫相关组织如鳃、脾脏、肾脏、肠等均有中等水平表达;淋巴细胞多克隆刺激剂PHA、PMA、LPS刺激尼罗罗非鱼外周血单个核细胞（PBMC）,结果显示,50 μg/mL PHA和50 ng/mL PMA分别刺激6、12、24 h均显著增强OnFoxp1b的表达 (p＜0.05),20 μg/mL LPS刺激后,OnFoxp1b的表达出现先降低后升高的趋势 (p＜0.05);而OnFoxp1a的表达除50 μg/mL PHA 刺激24 h后有所升高,其余均无显著变化;雌激素处理6月龄雄性尼罗罗非鱼48 h,OnFoxp1a/b在肠、肾脏中的表达显著上调 (p＜0.05),而脾脏中无显著变化 (p>0.05)。综上所述,低等脊椎动物硬骨鱼类两种不同基因编码的Foxp1a/b均为哺乳动物Foxp1的同源分子,但其序列、结构特征、表达模式迥异,提示其功能发生歧化;同时两者的表达与淋巴细胞活化及机体雌激素水平密切相关。     

The Ionic and Osmotic Factors Controlling Motility of Fish Spermatozoa

This review presents actual knowledge about energetic, ionic, osmotic and gaseous control of fish sperm motility and its duration. Right after they are activated, fish spermatozoa of most species swim for a short period of time, in the range of one to several minutes. What determines the activation process? Is it due to the new ionic, gaseous and/or osmotic environment? Why is the duration of motility so short? Is it resulting from a fast exhaustion of energy stores (ATP, ADP, AMP, PCr) combined with the above-mentioned ionic/osmotic stress leading to morphological alterations? The motility criteria (flagellar beat frequency, head displacement velocity, flagellar waves morphology, etc.) used to characterize fish sperm movement and sperm flagella will be described. Most parameters change very rapidly during the brief motility period of fish sperm. Then will be considered the main environmental factors, ionic and/or osmotic signals, responsible of the activation of fish sperm motility. Then the metabolic compounds involved in cell energetics will be considered as their concentrations also rapidly change during the motility phase. An additional feature will then be discussed concerning the mechanisms by which fish sperm cell can be revived for a second motility round at the end of the first motility period. A model is proposed to explain how external osmolarity can control internal ionic composition, the latter being the key factor controlling flagellar activity.     

Effect of different methods for the induction of spermiation on semen quality in European eel

Five hormonal treatments with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) were tested for the induction of maturation and spermiation in male farmed eels. The main aim was to optimize previously used hormonal treatments to achieve shorter induction treatments, longer spermiation periods and/or higher sperm quality. Fish treated for just 3 weeks (treatment E) or until the onset of spermiation (treatment C) showed the worst results, while the treatment consisting of weekly administration of 1.5 IU hCG g^?1 fish (treatment A) induced the highest percentage of spermiating males, the highest number of sperm samples and sperm volumes and densities similar to the rest of the treatments (B: half hormone dosage, or D: biweekly administration). Evaluation of the sperm quality was performed by computer‐assisted sperm analysis (CASA), considering the percentage of total motile spermatozoa, the percentage of fast and medium‐velocity spermatozoa, as well as different motility parameters. Sperm samples from A‐D groups showed between 44% and 54% motile spermatozoa, and between 10% and 15% fast spermatozoa, while samples from E‐treated males showed 0% motile cells. No significant differences were found in the spermatozoa straight line velocity (VSL), curvilinear velocity (VCL) or the angular velocity (VAP), neither spermatozoa beating cross frequency (BCF) between A–D groups.