土壤侵蚀强度分级标准适用性初探

以水利部颁发的土壤分蚀强度分级拟定标准为基础,利用前人的研究成果,比较了不同植被覆盖度下的土壤侵蚀模数。结果表明,土壤侵蚀强度分级拟定标准与前人研究成果间均存在一定差距,说明该拟定标准的适用性值得进一步斟酌。     

防治陡坡桑园严重水土流失的种植模式探讨

 为防治陡坡桑园严重的水土流失,通过4种种植模式对比试验分析查明,实施茶桑间种模式,能够较好地解决陡坡桑园土壤侵蚀严重的问题,其多年平均侵蚀模数由原来的1000t/(km2 ·a)左右,减少到100t/(km2 ·a)左右。建议推广应用这一模式,对严重水土流失的陡坡桑园加以改造,以促进山区坡地开发的永续利用和农业的可持续发展。     

大米籽粒压缩特性的试验研究

为预测大米在干燥、运输及贮藏过程中的破碎现象,必须了解其弹性模量、破坏力、破坏应力及破坏能等力学参数。本文通过大米的压缩试验测得其力——变形曲线,从而得出其弹性模量、破坏力、破坏应力、破坏能等常规力学参数,通过这些参数可以确定用整粒大米的破坏强度值作为籽粒破坏的评价指标,为建立大米籽粒力学模型,质量评价及机械设计等提供依据。     

毛乌素沙地饲草料作物土壤水动态

对节水灌溉条件下的紫花苜蓿、饲料玉米和青贮玉米需水量进行了试验研究，分析了不同灌溉水平下3种饲草料作物的土壤水动态和需水规律。结果表明，土壤水动态主要受降雨、灌溉和地下水埋深的影响。紫花苜蓿需水高峰值出现在6月下旬至8月中下旬，其需水强度最大可达9.0mm/d，阶段需水模系数最大可达41.2%；饲料玉米和青贮玉米需水高峰值出现在7月下旬至8月上旬，其需水强度分别为11.40mm/d和11.3mm/d，阶段需水模系数最大可达45.2%和44.9%,成果为节水灌溉制度的制定和灌溉预报等提供了科学依据。     

木薯力学特性测试

木薯力学特性参数的研究,对木薯收获机械的设计、动力学仿真、数学模型建立具有重要意义。采用物理试验方法,利用中国科学院长春科新试验仪器研究所生产的WDW3100微机控制电子万能实验机,测定了华南205木薯块根、茎秆物理力学特性参数,且对数据进行了数理统计分析,结果表明,木薯块根可视为一各向同性材料,其平均轴向拉伸强度、轴向压缩强度、径向压缩强度、轴向剪切强度、径向剪切强度、抗弯强度、轴向弹性模量、径向弹性模量分别为：0.34、0.74、0.76、0.22、0.37、2.66、7.23、7.22 MPa;木薯茎秆为一各向异性材料,其平均轴向拉伸强度、轴向压缩强度、径向压缩强度、轴向剪切强度、径向剪切强度、抗弯强度、轴向弹性模量、径向弹性模量分别为：10.23、6.26、1.43、1.86、2.53、10.80、5.24、35.36 MPa。     

基于小波变换的木材声发射驻波信号特征研究

为研究木材损伤断裂时的声发射(AE)信号所激发的驻波信号特征与木材固有特性之间的关系,采用薄木条折断的方式产生AE源,在小波变换的基础上分析驻波频率,并计算纵波传播速率,依据弹性波理论计算出木材顺纹弹性模量(MOE)。首先,在2种不同长度的木材试件一端分别加工出8根80 mm×10 mm的薄木条,通过外加冲击力折断木条以产生AE源,通过放置在试件端面的2个传感器采集原始AE信号,采样频率设定为500 kHz。然后,根据驻波特性确定原始信号的驻波阶段,进而对该阶段AE信号进行4层小波分解,依据分解后信号的时频域特征析取驻波信号波形。最后,依据驻波产生原理计算纵波传播速率,并结合弹性波理论计算试件的MOE。结果表明,拉伸试验测得樟子松和榉木试件的MOE分别为9.30 GPa和11.63 GPa, 800 mm樟子松和榉木试件通过驻波计算所得MOE分别为9.37 GPa和12.34 GPa,与实测MOE的误差分别为0.75%和5.24%;600 mm的樟子松和榉木试件通过驻波计算所得MOE分别为9.31 GPa和11.81 GPa,与实测MOE的误差分别为0.10%和1.55%。     

基于GIS和RUSLE的粤东黄冈河流域土壤侵蚀评估

以TM影像图、数字高程模型DEM、土地利用类型图、土壤数据为信息源,以GIS技术和RUSLE模型为研究方法,对粤东黄冈河流域土壤侵蚀进行了评估,并分析了影响土壤侵蚀的主要因素。结果表明,降雨是影响土壤侵蚀的最主要因素,该流域多年平均土壤侵蚀模数为1 745.5 t/(km2.a),属轻度侵蚀;地形地貌是影响土壤侵蚀的显著因素,随着地形坡度的增加土壤侵蚀模数显著增大;不同土地利用类型的土壤侵蚀量差异较大。根据研究结果,指出15°—25°、25°—35°两个坡度带和居民点及交通用地、草地为黄冈河流域土壤侵蚀防治的重点区域。     

Prediction of the buckling stress of intermediate wooden columns using the secant modulus

We made several buckling tests of wooden columns with intermediate slenderness ratios () and examined the empirical formulas. On the basis of the examination, we formulated an equation for predicting the buckling stress () of an intermediate wooden column. Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis Carr.) and buna (Japanese beech, Fagus crenata BI.) were used for the studies. A compressive load was applied on the specimen supported with pin ends, and the buckling stress was predicted by the tangent modulus theory and two empirical equations: those of Tetmajer and Newlin-Gahagan. The predicted - relations were compared with the test results, and the applicability of these predictions were examined. Based on the comparisons, we formulated an equation that can predict the - relations of materials with various stress-strain characters in the plastic strain range.     

区域水土流失面积与平均土壤侵蚀模数关系探究

采用黄河流域(片)国家级防治区中部分县级行政区2020年度水土流失动态监测成果及对应的平均土壤侵蚀模数,建立了不同县级行政区县域面积、各侵蚀强度等级面积与其平均土壤侵蚀模数之间的关系,进而推算不同区域的土壤流失量。结果表明,临界土壤侵蚀模数与平均土壤侵蚀模数之间存在较好的线性关系。根据建立的拟合关系,推算出不同时期黄土高原多沙区土壤流失量,1990—2019年黄土高原多沙区累积保土量为213.44亿t。     

Water relations of Eucalyptus nitens × Eucalyptus grandis: is there interclonal variation in response to experimentally imposed water stress?

This study tested the hypothesis that water stress increases the hydraulic efficiency of Eucalyptus nitens × E. grandis saplings as a result of osmotic and elastic adjustments. Eucalyptus nitens × E. grandis clones (NH00, NH58, NH69 and NH70) were potted in coarse river sand supplemented with a slow-release fertiliser, drip-irrigated four times daily and exposed to full sunlight for eight months. Thereafter, irrigation was withheld twice for seven consecutive days from half of the saplings of each clone, with a seven-day recovery period (regular irrigation) in-between. Relative soil moisture content did not correlate with stomatal conductance (g_s) at pre-dawn and at midday. Leaves of plants subjected to the water-stress treatment wilted in 7 d, and the reduction in g_s was significant at midday with no significant differences between clones. Stomatal conductance and all traits derived from pressure-volume graphs (e.g. osmotic potential at full turgor) were constant in the control treatment. There were no clear patterns in osmotic and elastic adjustments in both treatments. Root hydraulic conductance was constant between treatments and clones. However, water stress reduced shoot hydraulic conductance and stem hydraulic conductivity with significant interclonal effects. Plant biomass, leaf area and leaf weight ratio were significantly lower in the water-stressed plants, but there were no differences between the clones. In conclusion, the water-stress treatment did not introduce significant differences in stomatal conductance and tissue-water relations of Eucalyptus nitens × E. grandis clones. Interclonal variation in water-stress response was found in shoot hydraulic traits, and clone NH58 may be more suitable for planting across sites prone to moderate water stress.