两相邻边固定两相邻边简支弹性薄板的两类变量广义变分原理

按照广义力和广义位移之间的对应关系,将弹性薄板的平衡方程和几何方程乘上相应的虚量,然后积分,代数相加,代入本构关系,进而建立两相邻边固定两相邻边简支弹性薄板的两类变量广义势能原理。通过代入另一类本构关系,再应用类似如上的方法,建立两相邻边固定两相邻边简支弹性薄板的两类变量广义余能原理。再将这两种两类变量的广义变分原理分别退化到弹性薄板的势能原理和余能原理。最后,应用两类变量广义余能原理求解弹性薄板的挠度。     

黄河流域氮素流失模数研究

氮素流失模数是研究区域氮循环与氮平衡的基本参数,对其进行研究有助于从大区域角度评价我国化肥的利用效率。按多年年径流量均值和多年河水氮浓度均值计算所得的黄河19个主要支流的流域氮素流失模数在0.073～1.665t·km-2·a-1,氮素流失模数的大小与区域人口和农业生产水平存在正相关性;由于存在“流域面积尺度效应”,使按干流数据计算得到的黄河流域的氮素流失模数显著地小于按支流资料计算得到的氮素流失模数;由于干流各站点控制的流域范围具有重叠性以及下游水质对上游水质有继承性,使按干流各站数据计算得到的氮素流失模数数值间差异不大;20世纪90年代以后黄河流域的氮素流失模数大大增加。中游头道拐站以上流域1995年的氮素流失模数比1985年增加4倍以上,下游花园口站以上流域1996年的氮素流失模数比1986年增加2倍以上;黄河流域流失的氮主要是以溶解态形式存在于水相中的氮素,流域氮素流失模数与泥沙径流模数之间无明显关系。以花园口站为控制点计算所得的黄河流域的氮素流失模数小于以大通站为控制点计算所得的长江流域的氮素流失模数。黄河流域的氮肥流失率(指黄河流域流氮素流失总量占流域氮肥总施入量的比例)在90年代后期有快速增加趋势,1998年比1997年增加12%,1999年又比1998年增加18%。我国     

Water relations of Eucalyptus nitens × Eucalyptus grandis: is there interclonal variation in response to experimentally imposed water stress?

This study tested the hypothesis that water stress increases the hydraulic efficiency of Eucalyptus nitens × E. grandis saplings as a result of osmotic and elastic adjustments. Eucalyptus nitens × E. grandis clones (NH00, NH58, NH69 and NH70) were potted in coarse river sand supplemented with a slow-release fertiliser, drip-irrigated four times daily and exposed to full sunlight for eight months. Thereafter, irrigation was withheld twice for seven consecutive days from half of the saplings of each clone, with a seven-day recovery period (regular irrigation) in-between. Relative soil moisture content did not correlate with stomatal conductance (g_s) at pre-dawn and at midday. Leaves of plants subjected to the water-stress treatment wilted in 7 d, and the reduction in g_s was significant at midday with no significant differences between clones. Stomatal conductance and all traits derived from pressure-volume graphs (e.g. osmotic potential at full turgor) were constant in the control treatment. There were no clear patterns in osmotic and elastic adjustments in both treatments. Root hydraulic conductance was constant between treatments and clones. However, water stress reduced shoot hydraulic conductance and stem hydraulic conductivity with significant interclonal effects. Plant biomass, leaf area and leaf weight ratio were significantly lower in the water-stressed plants, but there were no differences between the clones. In conclusion, the water-stress treatment did not introduce significant differences in stomatal conductance and tissue-water relations of Eucalyptus nitens × E. grandis clones. Interclonal variation in water-stress response was found in shoot hydraulic traits, and clone NH58 may be more suitable for planting across sites prone to moderate water stress.     

不同含水率对四倍体刺槐抗弯强度及弹性模量的影响

为研究四倍体刺槐在弯曲负荷作用下破裂或折弯的变化规律,用数理统计的方法在万能力学试验机上对不同含水率的四倍体刺槐枝条的弯曲力学特性进行了研究。结果表明,4种含水率水平下,四倍体刺槐在弯曲载荷作用下的抗弯强度为54.12～94.42 MPa、弹性模量为4.81～9.30GPa。四倍体刺槐枝条的最大载荷在各个含水率水平下均随枝条直径的增大呈线性提高。四倍体刺槐的抗弯强度及弹性模量与含水率水平成一元线性相关关系,随含水率水平的降低四倍体刺槐的抗弯强度及弹性模量呈线性增大。     

裂纹开裂形式对陶瓷材料弹性模量仪器化压入测试结果的影响

基于有限元数值分析方法,对陶瓷材料(We/Wt=0.3～0.7)仪器化压入过程中产生的2种裂纹开裂形式——径向裂纹(RC)和半硬币状裂纹(HPC)对弹性模量测试值的影响进行了研究,并对不同载荷下不同裂纹形式的Si3N4、ZrO2、ZTA、Al2O3、Fused silica等陶瓷材料弹性模量仪器化压入测试结果进行比较.结果表明:RC和HPC裂纹开裂形式对陶瓷材料弹性模量仪器化压入测试结果的影响可以忽略,而“Pop-in现象”对陶瓷材料弹性模量仪器化压入测试结果影响较大.在不出现“Pop-in现象”的情况下,陶瓷材料弹性模量仪器化压入测试结果具有一定的有效性.     

聚乙烯基木塑复合材料动态弹性模量预测模型1）

以PE基木塑复合材料的动态弹性模量预测模型为研究对象,利用无损检测的方法对PE基木塑复合材料的动态弹性模量进行检测。将制备方式与实验结果分别利用回归预测模型与灰色理论系统的GM（1,N）／GM（1,N,X（0））模型进行拟合预测,结果表明灰色GM（1,N,X（0））模型对PE基木塑复合材料的动态弹性模量有比较好的拟合能力和相对高的预测精度。     

Beta算子加权逼近的点态结果

引入一种改变的带权K-泛函,利用带权光滑模和带权主部光滑模的关系及带权光滑模与改变的带权K-泛函的等价性,讨论了Beta算子的点态带Jacobi权逼近正定理及等价定理．     

黑沙蒿根系抗拉特性及其与化学成分的关联性

[目的] 探讨根系抗拉特性与主要化学成分含量的关联性,以期充实根系固土力学特性研究以及提供矿区生态恢复和植物保护的理论支持。[方法] 以神东矿区广泛分布的多年生灌木黑沙蒿（Artemisia ordosica）为研究对象,利用TY8000伺服式强力机,研究1~4 mm径级直根段、含侧根分支处根段抗拉材料的力学特性并测定各径级的纤维素、半纤维素和木质素,研究根系材料力学及其与化学成分的关联性。[结果] ①随着根系直径增加,黑沙蒿直根段、含侧根分支处根段抗拉力增加,而抗拉强度和杨氏模量减小,且抗拉力、抗拉强度和杨氏模量都与根系直径呈幂函数关系。②直根段、含侧根分支处根段化学成分含量差异显著（p<0.05）,平均化学成分含量为：半纤维素（31.69%,32.18%） > 木质素（28.42%,25.30%） > 纤维素（15.50%,15.35%）。③随着根系直径增加,直根段纤维素含量减小,半纤维素和木质素含量增加,而含侧根分支处根段纤维素含量减小,半纤维素和木质素含量无变化。④直根段抗拉强度、杨氏模量与纤维素极显著正相关（p<0.01）,与半纤维素、木质素极显著负相关（p<0.01）。含侧根分支处根段抗拉强度、杨氏模量与纤维素极显著正相关（p<0.01）,与半纤维素、木质素无相关性。[结论] 黑沙蒿根系抗拉特性与化学成分表现出一定的相关性,且纤维素是影响灌木根系材料力学特性的主要化学组分。     

内蒙古京津风沙源治理工程土壤风蚀控制效益研究

2000—2013年内蒙古风沙源治理工程区风蚀模数整体呈现下降趋势,风蚀程度有所减轻。5个亚治理区风蚀模数差异较大,其中浑善达克沙地治理区风蚀模数最高,其他依次为科尔沁沙地南缘治理区﹥乌兰察布高平原退化草原、荒漠草原治理区﹥锡林郭勒高平原-乌珠穆沁沙地盆地退化草原治理区﹥华北北部丘陵山地水源涵养治理区。工程区土壤风蚀量明显减少,2001—2013年累计净减少1 370 446.65×104t,其中,乌兰察布高平原退化草原、荒漠草原治理区累计净减少风蚀量最大;其次为锡林郭勒高平原-乌珠穆沁沙地盆地退化草原治理区。风力是造成内蒙古风沙源工程区土壤侵蚀的最主要营力。2000—2013年,工程区风蚀模数与风蚀量的逐步降低说明,京津风沙源治理工程实施十余年以来,通过实施各类治理措施,工程区土壤风蚀得到初步控制,工程区生态状况趋向好转,随着森林资源总量与质量的提高,水土流失状况进一步改善,沙化土地治理初见成效。     

Numerical simulation of deformations and forces of a floating fish cage collar in waves

The dynamic behavior of a fish cage collar in waves was investigated using a numerical model based on the finite element method. The floating collar and mooring system were divided into a series of line segments modeled by straight massless model segments with a node at each end. To verify the validity of the numerical model, research data from other authors were cited and compared with the simulated results, the comparison of results showed a good agreement. The numerical model was then applied to a dynamic simulation of a floating cage collar in waves to analyze its elastic deformation and mooring line tension. The simulated results indicated that the greatest deformation of the collar taken place in the position of the mooring line connection point when incident waves were in the same direction. An increase in the length of mooring line would help to decrease the mooring line tension of the collar. Furthermore, the effects of collar dimension, including collar circumference, pipe diameter in cross-section, and pipe thickness, on the dynamic behavior of the floating collar were discussed. The results of this study provided a better understanding of the dynamic behavior of the fish cage collar.