2006—2014 年民勤4 种典型荒漠群落结构 及物种多样性变化研究

根据2006—2014 年民勤荒漠植物4 个样区36 个样方调查数据,对该区沙蒿、梭梭、麻黄和白刺4种典型荒漠植物群落结构及物种多样性进行分析。结果表明：该区群落结构简单,物种相对单一且数量较少,植物都是以较低的芽位适应生境条件;灌木层物种的变化不大,草本层物种有所增加;多样性指数沙蒿群落、梭梭群落和白刺群落的略有增加,而麻黄群落略有减小;该区群落结构和物种多样性的变化主要由于草本层的物种变化引起。了解和掌握民勤荒漠植物群落的结构和物种多样性变化规律,对于推动干旱荒漠区植被恢复和物种多样性的保护提供依据。     

镍胁迫对玉米幼苗氮、磷、钾积累与分配的研究

研究发现吉林省黑土中镍含量逐年增加,造成土壤理化性质恶化和玉米产量、品质降低,因此,了解镍胁迫对玉米植株生长特性的影响有重要意义。采用盆栽试验,研究了不同镍浓度（0、50、100、200、400 mg/kg）胁迫处理下玉米植株各部位的生物量、生物量分配格局以及氮、磷、钾积累和分配特征。结果表明,（1）镍浓度为50 mg/kg时,增加了玉米幼苗根、茎、叶生物量和总生物量,镍浓度大于50 mg/kg时,减少了各部位生物量及总生物量;（2）各部位对镍的吸收和积累随土壤外源镍浓度的增加而增加;（3）镍浓度为50 mg/kg时,增加了各部位的钾含量和根、茎钾的积累比例,而植株中的氮、磷含量随土壤中镍含量的增加呈降低趋势。因此得出,镍浓度为50 mg/kg的处理增加了玉米植株的生物量、根茎叶中钾含量及养分积累,改变了养分在玉米植株内的分配格局,而浓度大于50 mg/kg时抑制了玉米生长,降低了根茎叶中氮和磷的含量及积累。     

药用植物填料减轻卷烟危害机理的研究进展

卷烟中药用植物填料的运用形式不同、填料在卷烟及其相关产品的使用位置不同,药用植物减害的目标指向及其理化和药理机理就不同,主要机理涉及3个方面。首先,中草药与烟草同源,药用植物用于卷烟减害契合中医的烟熏疗法,体现了中医的配伍理论,药用植物具备能预防、缓解或治疗吸烟所致疾病的特定类群。其次,药用植物填料通过直接截留、物理吸附、化学吸附和催化解毒来降低烟气中焦油、烟碱、稠环芳烃、亚硝胺、自由基、挥发性酚类、巴豆醛、氰化氢、一氧化氮、一氧化碳、氨和重金属元素的含量。再者,卷烟中药用植物成分的特定熔点、沸点或气化点和吸燃烟支的温度条件决定了成分具备烟气转移属性,能缓解、治疗吸烟所致的呼吸道疾病、血管损伤及癌变,并具一般性的消炎和提高机体免疫力的功效,可为卷烟的药用植物减害实践和中国特色卷烟的研发提供依据。     

低温胁迫下三七一年生紫、绿地上茎植株抗氧化能力的研究

旨在探究三七地上茎积累花色苷对其抗寒性的效应。研究了冰水模拟低温胁迫下三七一年生紫、绿地上茎植株叶片可溶性蛋白质和丙二醛(MDA)含量及抗氧化酶比活力。结果表明,在冰水模拟低温胁迫下,紫、绿地上茎植株叶片的可溶性蛋白质含量和过氧化氢酶(CAT)比活力及绿地上茎植株叶片的MDA含量均上升,紫、绿茎植株叶片的过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)比活力及紫茎植株叶片的MDA含量均下降,且紫茎叶片可溶性蛋白质含量和CAT比活力的升幅及绿茎叶片POD和SOD比活力的降幅均更大;在冰水处理结束时,紫茎植株叶片的可溶性蛋白质含量、POD和SOD的比活力均高于绿茎的,但CAT比活力和MDA含量略低于绿茎的。但是,紫、绿茎植株叶片的可溶性蛋白质和MDA含量及抗氧化酶比活力的差异均未达到显著水平。因此,三七地上茎积累花色苷利于其抗寒。     

Deficit irrigation based on drought tolerance and root signalling in potatoes and tomatoes

Agriculture is a big consumer of fresh water in competition with other sectors of the society. Within the EU-project SAFIR new water-saving irrigation strategies were developed based on pot, semi-field and field experiments with potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.), fresh tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and processing tomatoes as model plants. From the pot and semi-field experiments an ABA production model was developed for potatoes to optimize the ABA signalling; this was obtained by modelling the optimal level of soil drying for ABA production before re-irrigation in a crop growth model. The field irrigation guidelines were developed under temperate (Denmark), Mediterranean (Greece, Italy) and continental (Serbia, China) climatic conditions during summer. The field investigations on processing tomatoes were undertaken only in the Po valley (North Italy) on fine, textured soil. The investigations from several studies showed that gradual soil drying imposed by deficit irrigation (DI) or partial root zone drying irrigation (PRD) induced hydraulic and chemical signals from the root system resulting in partial stomatal closure, an increase in photosynthetic water use efficiency, and a slight reduction in top vegetative growth. Further PRD increased N-mineralization significantly beyond that from DI, causing a stay-green effect late in the growing season. In field potato and tomato experiments the water-saving irrigation strategies DI and PRD were able to save about 20-30% of the water used in fully irrigated plants. PRD increased marketable yield in potatoes significantly by 15% due to improved tuber size distribution. PRD increased antioxidant content significantly by approximately 10% in both potatoes and fresh tomatoes. Under a high temperature regime, full irrigation (FI) should be undertaken, as was clear from field observations in tomatoes. For tomatoes full irrigation should be undertaken for cooling effects when the night/day average temperature >26.5 °C or when air temperature >40 °C to avoid flower-dropping. The temperature threshold for potatoes is not clear. From three-year field drip irrigation experiments we found that under the establishment phase, both potatoes and tomatoes should be fully irrigated; however, during the later phases deficit irrigation might be applied as outlined below without causing significant yield reduction:

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Potatoes

°

After the end of tuber initiation, DI or PRD is applied at 70% of FI. During the last 14 days of the growth period, DI or PRD is applied at 50% of FI.

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Fresh tomatoes

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From the moment the 1st truce is developed, DI is applied at 85-80% of FI for two weeks. In the middle period, DI or PRD is applied at 70% of FI. During the last 14 days of the growth period, DI or PRD is applied at 50% of FI.

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Processing tomatoes

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From transplanting to fruit setting at 4th-5th cluster, the PRD and DI threshold for re-irrigation is when the plant-available soil water content (ASWC) equals 0.7 (soil water potential, Ψ_soil = −90 kPa). During the late fruit development/ripening stage, 10% of red fruits, the threshold for re-irrigation for DI is when ASWC = 0.5 (Ψ_soil = −185 kPa) and for PRD when ASWC (dry side) = 0.4 (Ψ_{soil, dry side} = −270 kPa).

The findings during the SAFIR project might be used as a framework for implementing water-saving deficit irrigation under different local soil and climatic conditions.     

水生植物对水体中氮、磷的吸收与抑藻效应的研究

研究了不同水生植物对富营养化水体氮、磷的净化效果及其抑藻效应。结果表明:金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)、苦草(Vallisneria spiralis)、空心菜(Ipomoea aquatica)、浮萍(Lemna minor)和菹草(Potamogetom crispusLinn)对富营养化水体中总氮、总磷、硝态氮、氨氮都有较好的去除作用,其中以空心菜和金鱼藻效果最好。培养21d后的空心菜对总氮和硝态氮的吸收率分别为76.93%和71.9%;培养21d后的金鱼藻对总磷和氨氮的吸收率分别达到了93.15%和91.2%。水葫芦(Eichhornia crassipes)、金鱼藻、浮萍都具有较好的抑制藻类生长的作用,培养过以上3种水生植物的水体也表现出抑藻效应。     

观赏植物诱变育种的研究现状和展望

本文综述了观赏植物辐射诱变育种的研究现状,并对花卉辐照诱变的手段、方法、处理材料和适宜辐照剂量、辐照机理与方法及应用作了总结,同时对观赏植物辐射诱变育种存在的问题及发展方向进行了探讨。     

植物对水分胁迫的分子响应及其遗传改良研究进展

植物对水分胁迫适应性的生理机理已相继在水稻、小麦、玉米、高梁等作物中得以报道。然而，有关这些性状的遗传控制及其在与逆境下作物生产的关系却了解甚少，由此阻碍了抗性遗传改良的进展。随着基因定位、基因组图谱、基因转移等分子生物学技术的发展，对植物抗逆性状进行分子剖析成为可能。本文综述了主要禾谷类作物对水分胁迫的抗性生理及遗传研究上的最新进展，讨论了植物抗性遗传改良的发展前景。     

华北平原冬小麦田问蒸散与棵问蒸发的变化规律研究

试验研究冬小麦田间蒸散和棵间蒸发变化规律及其影响因子结果表明 ,播种～返青期冬小麦棵间蒸发占蒸散比例 (E ET)最大 ,抽穗～灌浆期最小。整个生长期间棵间蒸发占蒸散量 31 .4 % ,棵间蒸发占蒸散比例 (E ET)与冬小麦叶面积指数 (LAI)有一定关系 ,E ET =0 .36 93× (LAI) - 0 .74 93(R2 =0 .82 36 )。