新鲜牛粪便中食线虫真菌的分离和鉴定

从78个新鲜牛粪样中分离到4株食线虫真菌（nematophagous fungi)，通过对其菌丝体、孢子、捕食器官等的形态学观察、测定，2株鉴定为节丛孢属（Arthrobotrys)的寡孢节丛孢菌（A.oligospora)，1株为指状节丛孢菌（A.dactyloides),1株为圆锥状节丛孢菌（A.conoides)。     

菲和芘胁迫下AMF和PGPR对高羊茅生理生态的响应

旨在探究菲和芘胁迫下丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)与根围促生细菌(PGPR)对高羊茅生理生态的响应。以菲和芘1∶1混合处理浓度各0、50、100和150mg·kg^-1下对高羊茅接种AMF变形球囊霉(Gv)、PGPR荧光假单胞菌(Ps2-6)、Gv+Ps2-6和不接种对照共16个处理。结果表明,AMF、PGPR或AMF+PGPR处理均显著增加高羊茅生物量和菌根侵染率,增强植物光合作用,提高叶绿素含量,显著提高植物体内生理活性。在土壤中菲和芘100mg·kg^-1水平下,与对照相比,双接种Gv+Ps2-6处理的高羊茅叶片叶绿素a、b和总叶绿素含量分别提高57.7%、41.7%和51.8%;净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和气孔导度(Gs)分别增加70.6%、100.0%、4.5%和78.6%;最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/Fo)分别提高2.2%和8.8%;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量分别是对照的1.6、1.5、2.3和2.7倍,丙二醛含量比对照下降46.0%;高羊茅株高和地上鲜重分别比对照增加63.0%和69.6%;接种PGPR处理能够增加AMF侵染率以及菌根依赖性。供试条件下,双接种Gv+Ps2-6处理增加高羊茅叶绿素含量和抗氧化能力,增强光合作用能力,降低膜脂过氧化水平,促进植物生长的作用最为显著。     

捕食线虫性真菌18S rDNA基因序列与种系发生关系研究

对捕食线虫性真菌——少孢节丛孢菌A1分离株(Arthrobotrys oligospora A1)的18S rDNA基因序列进行了研究。结果表明：其18S rDNA全基因序列为1769bp，在进化树上与同种国外分离株A．oligospora var oligospora 1最为接近，同源性为94．7％。这与二者都具有捕食性结构—菌网的特点相一致。证实捕食线虫性真菌的捕食性结构与捕食线虫性真菌种系发生有关。从少孢节丛孢菌3个分离菌株(Arthrobotrys oligospora A1、A．oligospora 1、A．oligospora2)的进化树及同源性来看。不同国家地区的丛孢菌属(Arthrobotrys)分离株确实存在差异。     

Seasonal effects on the aerobic bacterial and fungal conjunctival flora of normal thoroughbred brood mares in Florida

Objective To evaluate seasonal effects on the presence or absence of fungal and aerobic bacterial flora of the conjunctival fornix of normal Florida Thoroughbred horses. Sample population Both eyes of 100 horses. Procedure Horses with normal anterior segment ophthalmic examinations from three farms in north central Florida were included. Each animal had the ventral conjunctival fornix of each eye swabbed with sterile culturettes. Samples were taken in October, January, April, and July (1999–2000). Aerobic and fungal cultures were plated. Bacterial cultures were reviewed at 24 and 48 h. Fungal cultures were reviewed weekly for 4 weeks. Logistic regression analysis with season as a factor and age of the horse as a covariate was performed. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.01. Results Horses ranged from 3 to 24 years of age, with a median age of 9 years. Twenty‐four genera of bacteria and 35 genera of fungi were recovered. Corynebacterium sp., Staphylococcus sp., Bacillus sp. and Moraxella sp. were the bacteria most frequently isolated. Mold species, dematiaceous mold species, Chrysosporium sp., Cladosporium sp., and Aspergillus sp. were the most frequently recovered fungi. Season did not have a significant effect on the presence of microorganisms isolated for individual horses adjusted for age. Younger horses had an increased incidence of gram‐negative rods and fungal isolates. The number of bacteria and fungi isolated are not uniform across seasons. Conclusion There were no significant differences between the number or type of organisms cultured during the sampling seasons in normal Florida horses. A large range of normal bacterial and fungal flora were isolated from these horses. The number of bacteria and fungi isolated are not uniform across seasons. The likelihood of detecting an organism depends on the horses’ age.     

Combining competition from Lolium perenne and an insect–fungus combination to control Rumex obtusifolius seedlings

Although adult Rumex obtusifolius are problematic weeds, their seedlings are poor competitors against Lolium perenne, particularly in established swards. We investigated the possibility of using this weakness to augment control of R. obtusifolius seedlings with combinations of Gastrophysa viridula (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and the rust fungus Uromyces rumicis. Rumex obtusifolius seedlings were grown in competition with L. perenne sown at different rates and times after R. obtusifolius: they competed successfully with L. perenne when sown 21 days before the grass. Sowing both species at the same time resulted in a dominant grass sward, with R. obtusifolius becoming dominant when sown 42 days prior to L. perenne. Grass sowing rate had no effect on R. obtusifolius growth or biomass. A second experiment investigated how competition from L. perenne sown 21 days after R. obtusifolius combined with damage from G. viridula and/or U. rumicis (applied at either the 3–4‐ or 10–13‐leaf stage, or at both stages) affected the growth and final biomass of R. obtusifolius. Beetle grazing at the latter leaf stage was the only treatment that reduced R. obtusifolius biomass, although rust infection at the earlier application led to an increase in shoot and root weight. The results are discussed in terms of the potential for use of these agents in the field.     

Induction of Systemic Resistance in Cucumber against Several Diseases by Plant Growth-promoting Fungi: lignification and Superoxide Generation

Five fungal isolates (Trichoderma, Fusarium, Penicillium, Phoma and a sterile fungus) from zoysiagrass rhizosphere that promote plant growth were tested for their ability to induce systemic resistance in cucumber plants against Colletotrichum orbiculare. Roots of cucumber plants were treated with these fungal isolates using barley grain inocula (BGI), mycelial inocula (MI) or culture filtrate (CF). Most isolate/inoculum form combinations significantly reduced the disease except BGI of Trichoderma. These fungal isolates were also evaluated for induction of systemic resistance against bacterial angular leaf spot and Fusarium wilt by treatment with BGI. Penicillium, Phoma and the sterile fungus significantly reduced the disease incidence of bacterial angular leaf spot. Phoma and sterile fungus protected plants significantly against Fusarium wilt. Roots treated with CFs of these fungal isolates induced lignification at Colletotrichum penetration points indicating the presence of an elicitor in the CFs. The elicitor activity of CFs was evaluated by the chemiluminescence assay using tobacco callus and cucumber fruit disks. The CFs of all isolates elicited conspicuous superoxide generation. The chemiluminescence activity of the CF of Penicillium was extremely high, and its intensity was almost 100-fold higher than that of other isolates. The chemiluminescence activity was not lost following treatment with protease or autoclaving or after removal of lipid. The MW 12,000 dialyzed CF fraction was highly effective in eliciting chemiluminescence activity. Chemiluminescence emission from cucumber fruit disks treated with Penicillium was the same as that obtained from tobacco callus, except that the lipid fraction also showed a high activity. Both the MW 12,000 fraction and the lipid fraction induced lignification in the epidermal tissues of cucumber hypocotyls.     

不同储存年限老芒麦种子种带真菌检测及致病性测定

对来自青海的5个不同收获年份的老芒麦种样进行了系统的种带真菌研究;测定了12种分离率大于1%的种带真菌对老芒麦种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,种样发芽率为56%~80%,S₂发芽率最高,达到80%,显著高于S₁和S₅(P<0.05);种样带菌率为24%~38%,随储藏时间延长呈下降趋势,S₅带菌率最高,达到38%,显著高于其他种样(P<0.05);共鉴定出老芒麦种带真菌15属17种,真菌分离率为0.25%~8.75%,其中青霉和曲霉是老芒麦最常见的种带真菌,在5个种样上均被分离得到;燕麦镰孢、串珠镰孢、镰孢菌1、离蠕孢和德氏霉5种真菌是老芒麦最主要的致病真菌,均显著地降低了老芒麦种子的萌发、抑制了幼苗的生长、降低了幼苗的生物量(P<0.05);细交链孢对种子的萌发没有显著抑制作用(P>0.05),但是显著地降低了幼苗的长度和干物质产量(P<0.05)。皮思霉、离蠕孢、曲霉3种真菌显著延长了老芒麦种子平均萌发时间,而燕麦镰孢则显著地缩短了种子平均发芽时间(P<0.05)。     

内蒙古河套灌区食用向日葵肥料对比试验

[目的]开展内蒙古河套灌区食用向日葵肥料对比试验。[方法]以河套灌区市场内主要流通的6个肥料产品为研究材料,通过与该地区传统施肥模式(CK)进行对比,分析了不同肥料对食用向日葵产量、效益的影响。[结果]525 kg/hm~2田力元掺混肥(17-17-17)+375 kg/hm~2尿素、450 kg/hm~2住商缓释肥(24-12-10)、450 kg/hm~2德源缓释肥(24-12-10)的增产效果显著,较对照(CK)分别增产13.3%、11.9%和5.6%;525 kg/hm~2田力元掺混肥(17-17-17)+375 kg/hm~2尿素、450 kg/hm~2住商缓释肥(24-12-10)、450 kg/hm~2德源缓释肥(24-12-10)、450 kg/hm~2奥佳缓释肥(26-10-12)的效益显著,较对照(CK)分别增收12.3%、11.5%、7.5%和5.0%。[结论]该研究可为当地向日葵生产提供科学理论依据。     

丛枝菌根真菌与大豆胞囊线虫相互作用研究初报

 在温室盆栽条件下对大豆‘开育10’品种接种了丛枝菌根(AM)真菌:Gigaspora margarita Becker&Hall、Glomus fasiculatum(Thaxt) Gerd.&Trappe、G.intraradices Schenck&Smith、G.mosseae Nicolson&Gedermann及G.versiforme Berch和/或大豆胞囊线虫(SCN,Heterodera glycines)4号生理小种。供试AM真菌可不同程度地促进大豆植株的生长发育,增加植株高度、地上部和地下部干重及单株产量,减轻感病大豆品种‘开育10’SCN的危害,降低病情指数、根上和根围土壤中胞囊数量、2龄幼虫和胞囊内卵数。其中,G.fasiculatum、Gi.margarita和G.intraradices的效应大于G.mosseae和G.versiforme的处理。接种SCN显著降低了G.intraradices和G.versiforme对大豆根系的侵染率、G.fasiculatum的产孢数量及G.intraradices的侵入点数量,增加了G.mosseae的产孢数量。认为部分AM真菌能有效地抑制SCN对大豆根系的侵染、胞囊发育和2龄幼虫的形成。     

营养添加剂对枯草芽孢杆菌G3 str在土壤中繁殖及其抑菌物质分泌能力的影响

从生防菌G3菌株筛选到的抗链霉素自然突变株G3^str,保持G3原有的抑菌活性,产伊枯草菌素和生物表面活性素,能抑制多种植物病原真菌.25℃下,营养添加剂对G3^str菌在不灭菌土壤中前5d有一定的增殖作用;10d后G3^str菌在土壤中主要以芽孢的形态存活;60d后,G3^str菌在土壤中仍以106cfu/g水平存活.G3^str菌在土壤中增殖时分泌少量的伊枯草菌素,但被快速分解;同时分泌较多的生物表面活性素,营养添加剂的加入明显促进其分泌.