能够研发运动饮料的药食同源蔬菜的调查研究

综述了百合、枸杞、牛蒡、山药、玉竹、芦笋等典型药食同源蔬菜的传统医疗价值、现代科学认识及其医疗保健价值,为能够研发以药食同源蔬菜为基础原料的运动饮料提供理论依据。     

基于近红外光谱的北京市全株玉米原料康奈尔净碳水化合物-蛋白质体系组分分析与预测

本试验旨在基于康奈尔净碳水化合物-蛋白质体系(CNCPS)建立北京市全株玉米原料营养成分数据库,并利用近红外光谱(NIRS)方法建立其营养价值预测模型。试验采集北京市18个牧场89份全株玉米原料样品,测定其营养成分,利用CNCPS 6.5计算各样品碳水化合物(CHO)和蛋白质组成。定标集和验证集根据4∶1的配比关系,分别选用71份和18份全株玉米原料样品作为定标集和验证集评价NIRS模型。结果显示:1) NIRS分析技术对全株玉米原料常规营养成分、CNCPS中蛋白质组成和CHO组成均具有较好的预测能力,且精确度较高。2)干物质(DM)、粗灰分(Ash)、粗蛋白质(CP)、粗脂肪(EE)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、酸性洗涤木质素(ADL)、淀粉(Starch)、中性洗涤不溶蛋白质(NDIP)、酸性洗涤不溶蛋白质(ADIP)、可溶性蛋白质(SP)、CHO、非纤维性碳水化合物(NFC)、可溶性纤维(CB2)、可消化纤维(CB3)、不消化纤维(CC)、可溶性真蛋白质(PA2)、难溶性真蛋白质(PB1)、纤维结合蛋白质(PB2)和非降解蛋白质(PC)的定标决定系数(1-VR)均>0.80,验证决定系数(RSQv)均≥0.84,这些模型均可用于日常快速检测分析。DM、Ash、EE、NDF、ADF、ADL、Starch、NDIP、CHO、NFC、CB2、CB3、PC和PB1的NIRS模型参数均采用二阶导数处理,CP、SP、ADIP、CC、PA2和PB2的NIRS模型参数均采用标准正态变量+二阶导数处理。综上所述,本研究提供了全株玉米原料的基础化学分析数据,并通过NIRS分析技术建立了主要营养成分的快速预测模型,有利于养殖场青贮前对全株玉米原料质量的快速评估。     

Feeding value of pastures for ruminants

Perennial ryegrass is the primary forage component of ruminant diets in New Zealand. It is persistent and palatable, and immature ryegrass has a high nutritive value (NV). However, seed-head development substantially lowers its feeding value (FV) as fibre concentration increases, the rate and extent of digestibility decreases, and voluntary intake declines. Ryegrass pastures are susceptible to accumulation of endophytic and saprophytic fungi in dead material at the base of the sward, especially when mature and laxly grazed. Feeding forage legumes to ruminants grazing grass-dominant pastures will improve animal performance and lessen the reliance on a single species to meet all nutritional requirements.

The FV of forage is a function of intake and NV, measured by chemical analyses and animal feeding trials. Performance of individual animals grazing forages is usually limited by energy intake because structural fibre can slow digestion and clearance from the rumen and because of competition between individuals for available feed. The use of metabolisable energy (ME) content of forage to signify FV can give a reasonable indication of animal performance, but it should be used in conjunction with chemical analyses to improve the accuracy of predictions.

The relationship between FV, pasture production, animal performance and profitability is complex. The importance of skilled management to maintain pasture quality and optimise animal performance under inconsistent climatic conditions should not be underestimated. Acceptable animal performance with minimal veterinary intervention requires good nutrition, but the genetic potential of livestock in New Zealand cannot be met solely by grazing pasture, especially when a high utilisation of pasture is required to maintain quality and profitability.

Producers are responding to industry demands to reduce the seasonality in supply of milk and meat by changing lambing and calving dates, and extending lactation length in dairy cows. Social changes include adoption of once-daily milking in the dairy industry. Some changes have necessitated increased use of supplements and others can be met by feeding forages with a higher FV than ryegrass, all of which require an improved knowledge of feed quality. This information is available through rapid and inexpensive near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) analysis, enabling animal nutritional needs to be balanced by appropriate nutrient supply. It is essential that producers continue to improve animal welfare, limit excessive use of fertilisers and meet the demands of overseas consumers. Good nutrition, with an increased use of legumes and other forages to complement ryegrass pastures, will enable these objectives to be achieved.     

证明微分中值定理时构造辅助函数的问题

本文力图通过微分中值定理证明过程中引入辅助函数的几何构思的辨析,帮助读者理解和认识微分中值定理。     

黑大蜜蜂的研究进展

黑大蜜蜂Apis laboriosa是蜜蜂属个体最大的蜜蜂,与大蜜蜂有很多相似之处。目前,我国黑大蜜蜂仍处于半野生状态的原始方式饲养。概述黑大蜜蜂的分类地位、生物学、天敌及防御机制、经济价值等,提出保护黑大蜜蜂的重要意义及建议,旨在利用黑大蜜蜂为农业发展带来最大效益。     

Changes in productivity and profitability of wool-growing farms that follow recommendations from agricultural and veterinary studies

Objective To estimate the changes in productivity and profitability in a group of wool-growing farms as they adopted major recommendations from agricultural and veterinary studies.
Farms Four wool-growing farms in south western Victoria were selected from the clients of the Mackinnon Project, a farm consultancy service run from the University of Melbourne. Each farm had closely followed recommended procedures, kept comprehensive financial and physical records and had been clients for at least 5 years. The comparison group was the South Western Victoria Monitor Farm Project (SWVMFP), about 45 farms in the same region as the study farms that were monitored annually by Agriculture Victoria.
Procedure For a 7-year period, the financial and physical performance of both groups of farms was estimated. Stocking rate, wool production, gross farm income, farm operating costs, net farm income and return on assets were compared.
Results Mean gross farm income of the four study farms steadily rose from 86% of the average SWVMFP farm before the adoption of recommendations to an average of 155%. During the same period, net farm income rose from 70% to 207% of the average of the SWVMFP. Return on asset of the four farms rose irregularly from 26% to 145% of the average of the SWVMFP. Farm operating costs on the four farms were higher than for the SWVMFP group, but the ratio of costs remained relatively constant.
Conclusion The adoption of proven research results was associated with large increases in net farm income. An increase in gross income, rather than a reduction in costs was the main reason for this. Research results offer a way to increase the financial viability of wool-growing farmers, many of whom are currently unable to maintain their lifestyle, resources and infrastructure.     

Genetic correlations between similar traits in the Danish and Swedish Warmblood sport horse populations

Genetic correlations between phenotypically similar or related traits tested at young horse performance tests for Danish Warmblood (DWB) and Swedish Warmblood (SWB) horses were calculated using Multi-trait Across Country Evaluation (MACE). Data comprised stallions with an estimated breeding value (EBV) from the national genetic evaluations (NGE) based on at least 10 progeny tested in performance tests, and the ancestors of those stallions in two generations. The DWB data included 349 stallions and the SWB data 426 stallions. Of these, 28 had EBVs in both DWB and SWB. Additionally 151 pedigree animals were common between DWB and SWB. The dependent variables used were NGE results of stallions born 1980 and later, which reduced the number of common stallions with EBVs to 23. The genetic correlations were very high for jumping traits (0.99) and dressage related traits (0.89–0.97). For conformation traits correlations varied between 0.10 and 0.98. Because of the high genetic correlations and frequent use of same or closely related foreign stallions, breeders of both DWB and SWB would benefit from using the NGEs for performance traits across countries, although the genetic correlations do not consider differences in genetic merit levels between the populations. It would be feasible to perform a joint genetic evaluation using MACE, which would improve the reliability of estimated breeding values, and enable ranking of all stallions according to the national scale of each country.     

Relating tradable credits for biodiversity to sustainability criteria in a dynamic landscape

Tradable biodiversity credit systems provide flexible means to resolve conflicts between development and conservation land-use options for habitats occupied by threatened or endangered species. We describe an approach to incorporate the influence of habitat fragmentation into the conservation value of tradable credits. Habitat fragmentation decreases gene flow, increases rates of genetic drift and inbreeding, and increases probabilities of patch extinction. Importantly, tradable credit systems will change the level of fragmentation over time for small and/or declining populations. We apply landscape equivalency analysis (LEA), a generalizable, landscape-scale accounting system that assigns conservation value to habitat patches based on patch contributions to abundance and genetic variance at landscape scales. By evaluating habitat trades using two models that vary the relationship between dispersal behaviors and landscape patterns, we show that LEA provides a novel method for limiting access to habitat at the landscape-scale, recognizing that the appropriate amount of migration needed to supplement patch recruitment and to offset drift and inbreeding will vary as landscape pattern changes over time. We also found that decisions based on probabilities of persistence alone would ignore changes in migration, genetic drift, and patch extinction that result from habitat trades. The general principle of LEA is that habitat patches traded should make at least equivalent contributions to rates of recruitment and migration estimated at a landscape scale. Traditional approaches for assessing the “take” and “jeopardy” standards under the Endangered Species Act based on changes in abundance and probability of persistence may be inadequate to prevent trades that increase fragmentation.     

香花崖豆藤的园林应用初探

介绍了香花崖豆藤的园林美化、生态及经济等园林应用价值,并讨论了其在园林绿化中的应用前景。     

美国公共放牧地管理政策演进的历史经验

当初步遏制草地退化后,我国当前迫切需要对草地管理政策进行优化和调整,进而更好地通过草畜平衡和生态补贴实现生态保育和牧民利益的协调和可持续发展目标。长达90年的美国公共放牧地政策可以为我国调整和优化草地管理政策提供借鉴。美国经验表明,实现草地生态保育需要在社会共识、法律体系和行政管理等方面,牢固地树立和实现草地的多重功能和生态系统服务理念。进一步地,公有的草地产权制度是保障草地多重生态系统服务的法律前提,非牧产业发展是实现草地多重功能的经济基础,精细的行政管理是实现草地生产生态平衡的技术保障,多种利益主体参与是实现草地管理制度改革的活力来源。美国草地管理制度发展的曲折反复,也说明了生态管理政策的失效和调整,禁牧和监管强度的张弛反复,不同利益集团的矛盾诉求和博弈消长,都是草地治理中的正常情况。我国草地治理也可能经历复杂曲折的过程。在下一阶段,草地产权的优化、行政管理的精细化、牧民利益和生态保育目标的协调,是实现我国草地可持续治理的核心要务。