旱种技术对水稻粒重的影响

[目的]研究旱种技术对水稻粒重的影响。[方法]采用三因素二次回归旋转组合设计,研究旱种时施氮量、基肥施氮比例、点播密度及其互作对水稻华优3号粒重的影响。[结果]提高基肥施氮比例、基肥施氮比例与施氮量的互作可以显著提高水稻粒重;提高施氮量、点播密度,基肥施氮比例、施氮量与点播密度的互作将显著降低水稻粒重。施氮量、基肥施氮比例极显著影响水稻粒重。点播密度对水稻粒重没有直接影响,但其与基肥施氮比例、施氮量的互作对降低水稻粒重的影响最大。[结论]对于不同的水稻品种,合理施用肥料,控制点播密度可以提高水稻的粒重,进而提高产量。     

整地与抚育对日本落叶松幼林生长的影响

在开原、宽甸、抚顺、清原，采用３种整地规格、２种抚育方式的２因子试验，随机区组设计日本落叶松试验林，５年研究结果：营造日本落叶松短周期工业用材林的合理整地规格以４０ｃｍ×４０ｃｍ×３０ｃｍ为佳，在幼林期树高、胸径生长量分别比２５ｃｍ×２５ｃｍ×３０ｃｍ提高了１２．６％、１５．０％；在保证林分生长良好的条件下，投入经费比６０ｃｍ×６０ｃｍ×３０ｃｍ节省了１６６～２０２元／ｈｍ２；抚育方式以造林后全面割灌第１、２年各２次，第３年１次为最好，即不影响幼林生长，又比前２年各多一次除草松土抚育方式节省投入经费１５０元／ｈｍ２，同时还能提高幼林保存率     

生态系统服务功能价值评估困境的经济学成因分析

结合经济学理论,详细分析了生态系统服务功能价值评估面临的困境及其原因,为生态系统服务功能价值科学评估提供了理论分析基础。     

天达2116在陇东旱地冬小麦上应用效果研究

在陇东旱地冬小麦上进行了4种增产剂3种应用方法的试验和示范。结果表明,天达2116浸种、叶喷 和浸喷复合处理效果最好,较对照增产9．2％～30．9％,增产原因是促进了小麦分蘖和抽穗,增强了抗早性, 减轻了锈病危害,显著增加了有效穗数、穗粒数和千粒重。迦姆丰收浸种和叶喷效果次之,较对照增产10．3％ ～17．0％;KH2PO4和动力2003浸种效果较好,较对照分别增产18．5％和32．1％。     

Interdisciplinary Irrigated Precision Farming Research

The USDA-Agricultural Research Service and Colorado State University are conducting an interdisciplinary study that focuses on developing a clearer scientific understanding of the causes of yield variability. Two years of data have been collected from two commercial center pivot irrigated fields (72 and 52 ha). Cooperating farmers manage all farming operations for crop production and provide yield maps of the maize grown on the fields. The farmers apply sufficient inputs to minimize risk of yield loss. The important variables for crop production have been sampled at a grid spacing of 76 m for two seasons. A spatial auto-regressive model was fitted to the data to determine the critical factors affecting yield variability. Thirty one layers of data were included in the analysis, and a total of over 140,000 models were examined. Up to five predictors were used in each model. Variability in water application, nitrate nitrogen, organic matter, phosphorus, topology, percent silt and soil electrical conductivity were significant in explaining the yield variability for Field 1. Variability in water application, ammonium, nematodes, percent clay, insects, potassium, soil electrical conductivity, and topology were significant in explaining the yield variability for Field 2. The tentative conclusion is that the potential economic benefit of site specific management is small where the farmer's management tolerance for risk is low. The potential of site specific management is in reducing the cost of inputs and environmental impact, but could increase risk.     

Contingent valuation approach in measuring the multifunctionality of agriculture and rural areas in Japan

The purpose of this study was to measure the economic value of the multifunctionality of agriculture and rural areas based on a more realistic assumption than that adopted in previous studies. Willingness to pay (WTP) for implementing a policy that would maintain a level of multifunctionality corresponding to a 20% decrease in the farmland area in Japan was measured by the double-bounded dichotomous choice contingent valuation method (CVM). According to a country-wide survey, the overall median WTP was 4,144 yen per household annually. The multifunctionality of agriculture and rural areas was classified into eight functions. The WTP for each of these functions was calculated taking into account the ratings assigned to the functions by the respondents. The WTP was 649 yen for flood prevention, 505 yen for recharging groundwater, 642 yen for water environment conservation, 445 yen for soil erosion prevention, 579 yen for organic resource utilization, 394 yen for the development of favorable landscapes, 290 yen for recreation and relaxation, and 641 yen for wildlife protection.     

水稻土施用不同氮、硫水平对油菜产量的影响

浙东平原水稻土油菜田间试验施用不同氮、硫水平的结果显示：（1）油菜籽产量随氮肥用量的增大而增加，施N（50－200kg/hm^)不施硫肥条件下，增产幅度为2．0％－11．8％，施N和施S（30kg/hm^2)条件下，增产幅度为2．4％－12．7％。（2）不同施氮水平下，施硫增产油菜籽5．4％－6．9％。（3）油菜氮吸收量随施氮量的增加而呈增加趋势，低氮水平下施用硫肥促进油菜氮吸收量加大。（4）不同施氮水平的产投比为1．5－4．3，施用硫肥的产投比达5．2－6．7，氮硫配施可提高施用氮肥的产投比。     

长江经济带稻田耕作制度绿色发展探讨

实施长江经济带发展战略,推动长江经济带绿色发展、高质量发展、可持续发展,是当前我国正在实施的区域协调发展战略之一。稻田耕作制度是长江经济带整个农业耕作制度的重要组成部分。实现长江经济带稻田耕作制度绿色发展,对于维护长江经济带乃至全国的粮食安全、食品安全和生态安全均具有重要意义。长江经济带稻田耕作制度具有起源的古老性、模式的多样性、结构的复杂性、功能的高效性和影响的国际性的显著特点。当前,长江经济带稻田耕作制度发展面临着熟制缩减、投入过量、资源浪费、养地削弱、基础脆弱和效益下降等突出问题与挑战。为实现长江经济带稻田耕作制度的绿色发展,应在遵循―共抓大保护、不搞大开发‖―生态优先、绿色发展‖原则的前提下,采取如下对策与措施:1)绿色覆盖,做到稻田―一年四季,季季皆绿‖; 2)绿色培肥,充分利用绿肥、农家肥、沼液、沼渣,以及生物肥料、专用肥料等培肥稻田土壤,提高稻田地力;3)绿色防控,应用农业防治技术(如实行作物轮作换茬)、生物防治技术、生态调控技术和理化诱控技术等防治稻田作物病、虫、草、鼠、鸟害; 4)绿色修复,采用轮作休耕、深耕深松、保护性耕作、秸秆还田、增施有机肥、施用修复剂、种植绿肥和修复植物等多种措施,对已―退化稻田‖―污染土壤‖进行修复; 5)绿色利用,包括对稻田农业资源及废弃物的立体利用、综合利用和循环利用;6)绿色产品,将长江经济带稻田―打造‖成为无公害农产品、绿色农产品、有机农产品的生产基地。     

Statewide modeling of bobcat, Lynx rufus, habitat in Illinois, USA

We used sighting location and remotely sensed habitat data, multivariate statistical techniques, and a geographic information system to model bobcat (Lynx rufus) habitat in Illinois, thereby providing state wildlife managers with information to review the listing of bobcats as a state-threatened species and contribute to the development of a statewide management plan. We used canonical discriminant function analysis to model presence/absence and relative abundance of bobcats statewide. These models suggested that bobcats occurred in moderate to high abundance in 23 of 98 counties statewide (23%). We used stepwise logistic regression (SLR) analysis to model statewide habitat suitability. Spatial modeling of the SLR equation predicted that 29% of Illinois contained suitable habitat classified as P>0.50. Models were accurate when validated with an independent data set and indicated the importance of woods-related habitat variables to bobcats. In conclusion, these models provided tools to rapidly assess status that contributed to delisting bobcats as a threatened species in Illinois and provided further information to guide conservation efforts.     

改良和开发利用盐渍化土壤的生物学措施

在盐碱地上种植碱蓬和苜蓿的试验结果表明，种植碱蓬有明显的脱盐作用，０～６０ｃｍ深度土壤中的Ｎａ含量每年减少８３～１２８ｋｇ／亩．种植柽柳等８种盐生　和耐盐植物，一年后耕层土壤有机质，Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ养分，细菌，真菌数量增加，容重变小，渗透系数增大，土壤肥力状况得以改善．本文还提出８种有种植价值经济盐生植物，并对８种盐　生的耐植物的经济效益进行了比较．