Water management and crop production for food security in China: A review

Food security is a high priority issue on the Chinese political agenda. China’s food security is challenged by several anthropogenic, sociopolitical and policy factors, including: population growth; urbanization and industrialization; land use changes and water scarcity; income growth and nutritional transition; and turbulence in global energy and food markets. Sustained growth in agricultural productivity and stable relations with global food suppliers are the twin anchors of food security. Shortfalls in domestic food production can take their toll on international food markets. Turbulence in global energy markets can affect food prices and supply costs, affecting food security and poverty. Policy safeguards are needed to shield food supply against such forces. China must make unremitting policy responses to address the loss of its fertile land for true progress towards the goal of national food security, by investing in infrastructure such as irrigation, drainage, storage, transport, and agricultural research and institutional reforms such as tenure security and land market liberalization. The links between water and other development-related sectors such as population, energy, food, and environment, and the interactions among them require reckoning, as they together will determine future food security and poverty reduction in China. Climate change is creating a new level of uncertainty in water governance, requiring accelerated research to avoid water-related stresses.     

Growth overfishing in the brown shrimp fishery of Texas, Louisiana, and adjoining Gulf of Mexico EEZ

Growth overfishing in the brown shrimp, Farfantepenaeus aztecus, fishery in inshore (estuarine) and offshore (Gulf of Mexico) territorial waters of Texas and Louisiana, and adjoining waters of the United States’ (U.S.) Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), and its potentially detrimental economic consequences to the harvesting sector, have not been among major concerns of Federal and State shrimp management agencies. Three possible reasons include (1) environmentally influenced variations in recruitment that cause wide fluctuations in annual landings, which tend to obscure effects of fishing, (2) competition between inshore and offshore components of the harvesting sector, and (3) partitioning of management jurisdiction among a Federal council and two State agencies. Wide variations in landings led to beliefs that high levels of fishing mortality were tolerable and recruitment overfishing was of no major concern. This encouraged somewhat laissez-faire management approaches that allowed fishing effort to increase over the years.Our objectives were to determine whether growth overfishing occurred in this fishery during 1960–2006, and whether and how decreases in size of shrimp within the landings, in response to increases in fishing effort, affected inflation-adjusted annual (calendar year) ex-vessel value of the landings, i.e., their value to the harvesting sector. Growth overfishing occurred in the early 1990s, and then abated as fishing effort declined due to rising fuel costs and competition from imported shrimp. However, inflation-adjusted annual ex-vessel value of the landings peaked in 1985, prior to growth overfishing.Management actions implemented in 2001 for Texas’ territorial waters, and in the EEZ off Texas and Louisiana in 2006, should limit future fleet expansion and increases in fishing effort, thereby reducing the chances of growth overfishing and its potentially detrimental economic impacts on the harvesting sector. Growth overfishing should be included among the guidelines for future management of this brown shrimp fishery.     

福建的经济竹类资源

福建的竹类资源丰富 ,有 15属 12 0种以上 ,并有许多有价值的经济竹类。福建竹类资源的开发利用具有广泛的前景     

不同能源类型密集烤房烘烤效果对比研究

[目的]探讨不同能源类型密集烤房的烘烤效果.[方法]2014年在云南大理进行了不同能源密集式烤房烘烤效果对比研究,通过试验分析了不同能源类型密集烤房在烘烤成本、经济效益及烤房温度控制等方面的烘烤效果.[结果]研究表明,最优处理为T2处理(25 kW内除湿热泵+20 kW电发热管辅助供热烤房),相比对照1 kg干烟可以减少烘烤成本1.28元,提高均价1.54元,中上等烟比例也有所提高,且烤房温度控制精准性好,其次是生物质燃烧机烤房和甲醇燃烧机烤房,但结合烤房的实际应用性,当前生物质燃烧机烤房最具推广价值.[结论]研究可为今后新能源烤房的开发与应用奠定基础.     

水氮互作对旱地春小麦氮肥利用效率和经济产量的影响

为明确水氮互作对旱地春小麦氮素利用效率和经济产量的影响,通过盆栽试验分析了不同水氮处理下春小麦关键生育期茎秆、叶片、麦穗（不含籽粒）和籽粒的全氮含量及经济产量。结果表明,水氮互作下,春小麦茎秆、叶片和麦穗（不含籽粒）的全氮含量均随生长发育进程的推进而呈现下降趋势;正常水分条件（土壤含水量为最大持水量的75%～85%）下,春小麦茎秆、叶片、麦穗（不含籽粒）和籽粒的全氮含量均表现为中氮处理（每公斤土壤施纯氮0.１5 g）＞高氮处理（每公斤土壤施纯氮0.25 g）＞空白对照（不施氮肥）,且中氮处理的氮肥利用率、农学效率和生产效率均显著高于高氮处理（P＜0.05）,但经济产量却显著低于高氮处理（P＜0.05）;水分胁迫条件（土壤含水量为最大持水量的35%～45%）下,春小麦茎秆、叶片、麦穗（不含籽粒）和籽粒的全氮含量均表现为高氮处理＞中氮处理＞空白对照,但中氮处理的氮肥利用率、农学效率和生产效率及经济产量均显著高于高氮处理（P＜0.05）。说明正常水分条件下,增加氮肥用量有利于提高旱地春小麦的经济产量,而水分胁迫条件下,减少氮肥用量更有利于旱地春小麦的生产。     

四川棉区施氮水平对棉花产量及效益的影响

在四川棉区研究不同氮肥施用水平时棉花产量及经济效益的影响.试验站果表明:在一定水平下.随着氮肥施用量的增加棉花株高、单株果节数和产量相应提高;当纯氮施用达到450kg/hm2时.其产量、经济效益达到最高,而当施用术达到600k/hm2时,其经济效益还低于零氮水平.在一定氮肥施用水平的基础上,配合施用一定数量有机肥料,其经济效益最高.     

密肥组合对稻茬晚播小麦籽粒产量和效益的影响

为筛选适宜南方晚播稻茬中筋小麦高产高效栽培的密肥组合,以中筋小麦品种扬麦20为材料,研究了江苏淮南地区晚播(11月20日之后播种)条件下密度、施氮量、氮肥基追比对稻茬小麦籽粒产量和效益的影响.结果表明,晚播小麦密度与籽粒产量、效益均呈二次曲线关系,密度为315×104株·hm-2时,籽粒产量最高,达6 721.65～7 884.91 kg·hm-2,效益达3 783.6～5 111.55元·hm-2;施氮量为270 kg·hm-2时籽粒产量极显著高于施氯量210 kg· hm-2处理.在本试验条件下,基本苗为315×104株·hm-2、总施氮量270 kg·hm-2、基肥∶壮蘖肥∶拔节肥∶孕穗肥为3∶1∶3∶3时,晚播小麦的籽粒产量和效益最高.     

覆盖材料和沟垄比对燕麦产量和水分利用效率的影响

为改善半干旱地区土壤水分状况和提高降雨资源利用率,在中国气象局兰州干旱气象研究所定西干旱气象与生态环境试验基地布置田间试验,采用完全随机设计,以无覆盖平作为对照,研究不同覆盖材料垄作(普通地膜、生物可降解地膜和无覆盖土垄)及垄作不同沟垄比(60 cm∶30 cm、60 cm∶45 cm和60 cm∶60 cm)对燕麦土壤贮水量、干草产量、籽粒产量、水分利用效率和经济效益等的影响。结果表明,就同一覆盖处理的平均值而言,土壤贮水量的排列次序为普通地膜≈生物可降解地膜土垄平作,在同一覆盖处理下,土壤贮水量随沟垄比减小而增加。土垄燕麦的干草产量、籽粒产量和水分利用效率比平作分别降低12%、18%和27%;生物可降解膜垄燕麦的干草产量、籽粒产量和水分利用效率比平作分别提高5%、4%和14%;普通膜垄燕麦的干草产量、籽粒产量和水分利用效率比平作分别提高7%、9%和23%。就大多数情况而言,燕麦干草产量、籽粒产量和水分利用效率随沟垄比减小而减小。对垄宽和实际籽粒产量的回归分析表明,当沟垄比为60 cm∶38 cm时,普通膜垄的燕麦实际籽粒产量达到最大值2 213 kg·hm-2;当沟垄比为60 cm∶34 cm时,生物可降解膜垄的燕麦实际籽粒产量达到最大值2 114 kg·hm-2。平作、土垄、生物可降解膜垄和普通膜垄燕麦经济效益分别为5 194元·hm-2、4 557元·hm-2、4 889元·hm-2和5 637元·hm-2。从燕麦籽粒产量、水分利用效率和环保等方面考虑,在我国半干旱黄土高原区沟垄集雨种植燕麦,覆盖材料应采用生物可降解膜,沟宽∶垄宽为60 cm∶34 cm。     

基于生态适宜度模型的城乡土地利用分区与优化布局——以鄱阳湖生态经济区为例

开展城乡土地利用功能分区和空间布局优化,是促进城乡一体化发展的有效途径。以鄱阳湖生态经济区为例,通过构建城乡土地利用生态位适宜度模型,对鄱阳湖生态经济区土地利用生态位适宜度进行了分区,并在此基础上提出了优化布局策略。结果表明:(1)鄱阳湖生态经济区布局优化为商业发展主导区、工业发展主导区和农业发展主导区以及环境保护主导区;(2)鄱阳湖生态经济区城乡土地利用空间布局可划分为核心增长极、区域中心城市、一级扩散圈、二级扩散圈和二级扩散带;(3)应从发展高新技术产业、提升都市圈核心竞争力、保障城乡用地需求、加快农田水利建设和优化生态开发利用模式等方面优化城乡土地利用空间布局。基于生态适宜度模型探讨城乡土地利用布局,为实现区域城乡均衡发展提供了新视角。     

丝绸之路经济带沿线典型地区荒漠化动态变化遥感监测

在高强度人类活动影响下,“丝绸之路经济带”的资源环境面临严峻问题与挑战,而对研究区的荒漠化动态变化进行遥感监测可为荒漠化的防治和治理提供理论基础和数据支持.以2000-2014年的250 m分辨率MOD13Q1为数据源,利用归一化植被指数和决策树分类进行荒漠化程度划分,得到丝绸之路经济带荒漠化土地动态变化和转移面积矩阵.结果表明:2000-2014年研究区荒漠化土地面积增加,其荒漠化土地增长量为98 912.26km2和增长率为0.11％.其中,非荒漠化向荒漠化共转移308 289.73 km2,大于荒漠化向非荒漠化的转移面积266 497.67 km2.在空间分布上,中亚荒漠化土地由西南的严重荒漠化向东北的轻度荒漠化逐渐减轻,且向哈萨克斯坦北部地区不断推移;中国的荒漠化土地多集中分布在塔里木、吐鲁番和柴达木三大盆地中,且以宁夏陕西甘肃北部地区的减少为主.总体上,丝绸之路经济带沿线地区总荒漠化面积增加,程度趋于严重,荒漠化问题日益突出.