基于灰水足迹的长江经济带耕地利用生态效率时空分异特征

长江经济带面临水生态环境污染制约下的农业发展困境,水环境约束下耕地利用生态效率的提升成为平衡耕地利用中经济效益与生态效益的关键手段,对于探索生态可持续的耕地利用模式、实现农业绿色发展具有重要意义。该研究以灰水足迹为视角,基于SBM-Undesirable模型、空间自相关分析及马尔可夫链模型探明2000—2020年长江经济带耕地利用生态效率时空格局及演变趋势。研究表明：1）长江经济带2000—2020年平均灰水足迹值呈现先增后减趋势,2015年后下降态势更为明显。在空间上呈现为“东西高,中部低”的空间分布特征,灰水足迹高值区域主要集中在粮食主产区省份。2）2000—2020年长江经济带耕地利用生态效率持续下降,效率均值处于0.5～0.8之间,存在较大提升空间。在空间上呈现高值区域多沿水系分布的特点。3）长江经济带市域耕地利用生态效率存在显著空间正相关性,以研究时段演变趋势来看,耕地利用生态效率的演进存在路径依赖,难以实现“跨越式”提升。因受到邻域背景影响,在空间上易显现出“俱乐部收敛”现象,“高-高集聚”与“低-低集聚”分布更为常见。可在农业生产重点区域采用差异化精准农业模式,需重视区域间动态协同发展,完善联防联治的面源污染防控机制,积极引导耕地利用生态效率高值区域逐步形成集中连片,同时对于耕地利用生态效率低效区提供财政与政策支持。研究结果可为各地区探索耕地利用可持续发展模式与农业生产活动中水生态环境保护提供参考依据。     

基蘖肥氮不同比例对直播早稻群体动态、氮素吸收利用及产量形成的影响

以常规籼稻为供试材料,通过不同的基蘖肥用量处理研究了前中期氮(N)肥分配对直播早稻群体特征、N素吸收利用、产量形成以及经济效益的影响。结果表明:相同落谷量、总N量和穗肥N量下,基肥用量增加降低了出苗率和前期分蘖速度,最高分蘖数和有效穗数在N肥用量不足或过高时表现为随基肥用量的增加而降低,适宜施N量下则表现为先升后降的趋势;基肥用量增加降低了水稻生育后期功能叶的叶片含N量和叶面积指数,从而降低了水稻成熟期的植株N积累量以及穗部的N分配系数,N农学效率和N回收效率明显降低,N素转运率与基肥用量则存在着二次曲线关系;增加基肥用量使产量降低,净收益下降。本实验条件下,施N量为180 kg/hm2,基肥-蘖肥-穗肥的比例为35-40-25时,直播早稻的产量和经济收益最佳。     

丝绸之路经济带沿线典型地区荒漠化动态变化遥感监测

在高强度人类活动影响下,“丝绸之路经济带”的资源环境面临严峻问题与挑战,而对研究区的荒漠化动态变化进行遥感监测可为荒漠化的防治和治理提供理论基础和数据支持.以2000-2014年的250 m分辨率MOD13Q1为数据源,利用归一化植被指数和决策树分类进行荒漠化程度划分,得到丝绸之路经济带荒漠化土地动态变化和转移面积矩阵.结果表明:2000-2014年研究区荒漠化土地面积增加,其荒漠化土地增长量为98 912.26km2和增长率为0.11％.其中,非荒漠化向荒漠化共转移308 289.73 km2,大于荒漠化向非荒漠化的转移面积266 497.67 km2.在空间分布上,中亚荒漠化土地由西南的严重荒漠化向东北的轻度荒漠化逐渐减轻,且向哈萨克斯坦北部地区不断推移;中国的荒漠化土地多集中分布在塔里木、吐鲁番和柴达木三大盆地中,且以宁夏陕西甘肃北部地区的减少为主.总体上,丝绸之路经济带沿线地区总荒漠化面积增加,程度趋于严重,荒漠化问题日益突出.     

小麦专用肥在河南省典型地区的应用效果研究

河南省小麦单产和总产均居全国首位,然而当地农户施肥量大,且偏施氮肥、忽视磷钾肥现象严重,导致肥料利用率和经济效益较低.为解决这些施肥问题,依据河南省土壤养分供应状况和小麦营养需求规律,并考虑大、中、微量元素养分形态配伍和协同增效,优化肥料配方和生产工艺,开发小麦专用复合肥料,于2017-2018年在河南禹州进行小区试验...     

Irrigation scheduling strategies for cotton to cope with water scarcity in the Fergana Valley, Central Asia

The Central Asian countries face high water scarcity due to aridity and desertification but excess water is often applied to the main irrigated crops. This over-irrigation contributes to aggravate water scarcity problems. Improved water saving irrigation is therefore required, mainly through appropriate irrigation scheduling. To provide for it, after being previously calibrated and validated for cotton in the Fergana region, the irrigation scheduling simulation model ISAREG was explored to simulate improved irrigation scheduling alternatives. Results show that using the present irrigation scheduling a large part of the applied water, averaging 20%, percolates out of the root zone. Several irrigation strategies were analyzed, including full irrigation and various levels of deficit irrigation. The analysis focused a three-year period when experiments for calibration and validation of the model were carried out, and a longer period of 33 years that provided for an analysis considering the probabilities of the demand for irrigation water. The first concerned a wet period while the second includes a variety of climatic demand conditions that provided for analyzing alternative schedules for average, high and very high climatic demand. Results have shown the importance of the groundwater contribution, mainly when deficit irrigation is applied. Analyzing several deficit irrigation strategies through the respective potential water saving, relative yield losses, water productivity and economic water productivity, it could be concluded that relative mild deficits may be adopted. Contrarily, the adoption of high water deficit that produce high water savings would lead to yield losses that may be economically not acceptable.     

Water management and crop production for food security in China: A review

Food security is a high priority issue on the Chinese political agenda. China’s food security is challenged by several anthropogenic, sociopolitical and policy factors, including: population growth; urbanization and industrialization; land use changes and water scarcity; income growth and nutritional transition; and turbulence in global energy and food markets. Sustained growth in agricultural productivity and stable relations with global food suppliers are the twin anchors of food security. Shortfalls in domestic food production can take their toll on international food markets. Turbulence in global energy markets can affect food prices and supply costs, affecting food security and poverty. Policy safeguards are needed to shield food supply against such forces. China must make unremitting policy responses to address the loss of its fertile land for true progress towards the goal of national food security, by investing in infrastructure such as irrigation, drainage, storage, transport, and agricultural research and institutional reforms such as tenure security and land market liberalization. The links between water and other development-related sectors such as population, energy, food, and environment, and the interactions among them require reckoning, as they together will determine future food security and poverty reduction in China. Climate change is creating a new level of uncertainty in water governance, requiring accelerated research to avoid water-related stresses.     

汽车动力总成CAN总线系统的设计及其评价

根据CAN总线系统的各组成部分,设计了某型汽车动力总成CAN总线系统,并在此基础上,依据评价指标,采用直接测试法,验证了CAN总线系统设计方案的可行性和可靠性,并已应用于某型汽车上。     

Growth overfishing in the brown shrimp fishery of Texas, Louisiana, and adjoining Gulf of Mexico EEZ

Growth overfishing in the brown shrimp, Farfantepenaeus aztecus, fishery in inshore (estuarine) and offshore (Gulf of Mexico) territorial waters of Texas and Louisiana, and adjoining waters of the United States’ (U.S.) Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), and its potentially detrimental economic consequences to the harvesting sector, have not been among major concerns of Federal and State shrimp management agencies. Three possible reasons include (1) environmentally influenced variations in recruitment that cause wide fluctuations in annual landings, which tend to obscure effects of fishing, (2) competition between inshore and offshore components of the harvesting sector, and (3) partitioning of management jurisdiction among a Federal council and two State agencies. Wide variations in landings led to beliefs that high levels of fishing mortality were tolerable and recruitment overfishing was of no major concern. This encouraged somewhat laissez-faire management approaches that allowed fishing effort to increase over the years.Our objectives were to determine whether growth overfishing occurred in this fishery during 1960–2006, and whether and how decreases in size of shrimp within the landings, in response to increases in fishing effort, affected inflation-adjusted annual (calendar year) ex-vessel value of the landings, i.e., their value to the harvesting sector. Growth overfishing occurred in the early 1990s, and then abated as fishing effort declined due to rising fuel costs and competition from imported shrimp. However, inflation-adjusted annual ex-vessel value of the landings peaked in 1985, prior to growth overfishing.Management actions implemented in 2001 for Texas’ territorial waters, and in the EEZ off Texas and Louisiana in 2006, should limit future fleet expansion and increases in fishing effort, thereby reducing the chances of growth overfishing and its potentially detrimental economic impacts on the harvesting sector. Growth overfishing should be included among the guidelines for future management of this brown shrimp fishery.     

农村居民点整理潜力转化耕地经济限制性研究

就农村居民点整理潜力转化为耕地的经济限制性进行研究。从经济可行性评价入手,构建指标体系,采用多指标综合评价法、层次分析法与专家咨询法,测算研究区经济适宜性评分,确定研究区农村居民点整理潜力转化为耕地的经济限制性,得出各区县整理潜力转化为耕地的经济限制性修正系数。研究结果表明,天津市农村居民点整理潜力转化为耕地的经济限制性可分为3 个类别：（1）无经济限制性区县,1≥a 经≥0.6,包括西青区、北辰区、东丽区3 个区县;（2）有一定经济限制性区县,0.6＞a 经≥0.3,包括塘沽区、津南区、武清区、宁河区、汉沽区、大港区6 个区县。（3）经济限制性较大区县,0.3＞a 经≥0,包括蓟县、宝坻区、静海区3 个区县。各区县农村居民点整理潜力转化耕地的经济限制性在多经济因素影响下差别很大。     

长江中游不同玉稻种植模式产量及资源利用效率的比较研究

发展长江中游玉米生产是解决本区域玉米产需矛盾的根本途径。近年来随着长江中游玉米的快速发展,该地区出现了春玉米–晚稻、双季玉米和早稻–秋玉米等新型的一年两熟制种植模式,为探明其适应性和实用性,2013—2014年在湖北省武穴市设置了传统种植的双季稻(对照)、春玉米–晚稻、双季玉米和早稻–秋玉米共4种两熟制种植模式,分析比较其周年产量及光、温、水资源利用效率和经济效益。结果表明,春玉米–晚稻和双季玉米周年产量显著高于早稻–秋玉米和双季稻。与双季稻相比,春玉米–晚稻周年产量、光能生产效率、光能利用率、积温生产效率、水分利用率及经济效益分别提高18.3%、14.1%、23.4%、16.4%、37.2%和44.3%,双季玉米分别提高了13.5%、8.1%、26.1%、11.4%、88.8%和37.8%。春玉米其产量、积温生产效率、水分利用率及经济效益两年平均比早稻分别高出30.6%、29.5%、57.2%和96.1%,而秋玉米和晚稻之间产量无显著差异。不同玉稻模式周年产量差异主要源于第一季春玉米和早稻产量的差异。可见,春玉米–晚稻和双季玉米是适宜在长江中游推广的两熟制种植模式。