Landscape improvement, or ongoing degradation – reconciling apparent contradictions from the arid rangelands of Western Australia

Recent quantitative site-based monitoring and qualitative aerial and ground traverses provide contrasting assessments of the health of much of the arid shrublands of Western Australia extensively grazed by livestock (‘rangelands’). Although these results seem incompatible, we explain the apparent contradictions based on landscape succession processes operating at multiple levels of ecological organisation. Specifically, we suggest that the intact areas in which site-based monitoring is conducted are contracting as catchment canalisation and desiccation increase. However, the impacts of these processes have not yet become manifest at the site scale. The site-based system addresses important regional questions. These relate to the large, relatively intact areas away from most active surface flows, which should be a focus for resource conservation, given practical limits to repairing widespread degradation with low management inputs. We provide a complementary set of questions to provide a more comprehensive audit of rangeland dynamics in the context of underlying hierarchical landscape patterns and processes that might threaten intact areas. We recognise the need to match questions and levels of ecological organisation and the implications these have for sampling. We also recognise the difficulty in producing concise statements of change for clients when reporting on complex ecological issues and processes. Without a clearly articulated, and well understood, hierarchical model of pattern and process within which apparently contradictory findings can be reported meaningfully, policy makers may be confused by the results, with the consequent risk of policy inaction.     

广西石漠化山地生态修复树种的研究进展

石漠化是广西生态环境的头号问题,综述了在广西石漠化山区常用的生态修复树种,任豆树、肥牛树、构树、大叶速生槐等,介绍了其生长习性及其在生物饲料、木材以及造纸等方面的经济利用价值。     

京郊生态村可持续发展管理模式的探索 —以怀柔北宅村为例

以京郊生态村可持续发展管理模式研究为主体，对生态村建设的内涵及发展进行了回顾和分析。以怀柔区北宅村为具体实例，对北宅村实施生态村建设的措施以及为实现生态村建设的目标所进行的社会保障体系建设方面进行了研究和探讨。从而得出京郊生态村以集体经济为龙头，用科学的方法健全资产管理的法律监督机制，发挥组织体系的服务功能，加大农业教育投资，提高村民生活的整体水平，是实现可持续发展目标的途径之一。     

庭院种植、微灌技术与生态农业

生态型庭院经济有多种模式,但都离不开庭院种植业和灌溉技术,传统的地面灌溉方式已不适应,只能采用适宜的节水灌溉技术。阐述了微灌技术和庭院种植产生的生态效益与环境问题,为发展庭院经济,充分利用零散水土资源创造财富提供有效技术措施。     

A multi-scale approach to facultative paedomorphosis of European newts (Salamandridae) in the Montenegrin karst: Distribution pattern, environmental variables, and conservation

Facultative paedomorphosis, a process in which newt larvae can opt for reproduction before or after metamorphosis, is geographically heterogeneous. Despite numerous ecological studies and recent evidence of declines in paedomorphic populations, however, no attempt to model environmental variables that explain the presence of paedomorphs has been made at a multi-scale level. Our aim was to fill this gap in studying three newt species (Lissotriton vulgaris, Mesotriton alpestris, and Triturus macedonicus) of the Montenegrin karst as model species. To this end, we used multivariate analysis on three scales of habitat: the breeding pond, the land use and the climatologic features. Results show that the study area is both an important hotspot for paedomorphosis and where intraspecific diversity is quickly disappearing (20-47% extirpation) because of fish introductions. Other habitat variables (water permanency, pH or the habitat origin) were shown to act on paedomorphosis but not consistently across species, confirming complexity of the evolutionary and ecological processes. This study appeals for more long-term and detailed landscape studies of polyphenisms, a neglected but promising topic, to better understand and protect alternative modes of development. Particularly, measures should be taken to identify hotspots of intraspecific diversity at a global scale and stop fish introductions before we reach a point of no-return.     

水利枢纽对河流生态系统的影响

水利枢纽是国民经济的基础设施,随着社会经济的发展,水资源开发利用的强度越来越大,速度越来越快。与此同时,水利工程中的生态与环境问题也越来越引起社会各界的关注。本文就水利枢纽对河流生态系统中生物与非生物环境的影响进行了分析和探讨,旨在为水生生物的保护及水资源的合理开发利用提供参考。     

干湿度梯度及植物生活型对土壤氮磷空间特征的影响

通过对我国土壤氮磷含量及化学计量比值的分布特征研究,探讨了湿度梯度与植物生活型对土壤氮磷空间分布的影响。研究结果表明:中国陆地系统自然土壤氮、磷含量及氮磷比分别在0.02~8.78 g/kg,0.05~1.73 g/kg和0.06~9.85范围内变化,地形和气候因素对其空间变异性的影响均较为显著。干湿度梯度分带对土壤氮含量和氮磷比值的影响较磷含量更为明显,氮含量与氮磷比呈现出明显的梯度变化特征,表现出湿润区半湿润区干旱区半干旱区的规律,而磷含量变化不显著。在不同生活型植被土壤中,森林土壤氮磷的变化规律较灌木和草本土壤更为复杂;其植物磷平均含量低于全国平均值,说明森林生态系统植物受磷元素的限制作用与其较低的土壤磷含量供给有关。土壤氮磷含量和氮磷比与年均降水量和年均温度的相关性及逐步回归分析表明,土壤氮磷及其化学计量的变异性主要是受降水的影响。     

黄河故道河蟹生态养殖

从清塘、种草投螺、施肥、蟹种投放、水质管理、饲养管理和合理混养等方面对河蟹的生态养殖技术进行了探讨。     

西南稻区不同地域和施氮水平对杂交中稻氮、磷、钾吸收累积的影响

以杂交中稻II优7号和渝香优203为材料,在西南稻区4省(市)的7个生态点采用相同的试验方案,研究了地理位置、土化特性、施氮量对植株氮、磷、钾积累和分配的影响。结果表明,不同试验地点间稻谷产量、干物质产量、氮磷钾的吸收量、收获指数和每生产1 000 kg稻谷的氮、磷、钾需要量(RAGPPG)差异显著或极显著。施肥处理对稻谷产量、干物质产量、氮的吸收量、收获指数和RAGPPG中的氮有显著或极显著影响,对RAGPPG中的磷、钾影响不显著。氮、磷、钾收获指数间和RAGPPG间均呈极显著正相关,RAGPPG和收获指数均与稻谷产量水平没有相关性。经逐步回归分析,RAGPPG和氮、磷、钾收获指数均分别与试验点所处地理位置、施肥水平及土化特性呈极显著线性关系,决定系数分别为0.5972~0.8404和0.7637~0.8804。可作为制定各地水稻高产高效相应的氮、磷、钾施肥量的科学依据。     

不同烟草种质材料在水分胁迫下的生理反应

采用盆栽控水试验,初步研究了在水分胁迫下烟草的生理反应及其与抗旱性的关系。结果表明,烟草各生理指标对水分胁迫反应灵敏。在水分胁迫下光合速率下降26.6%~81.1%,蒸腾速率和气孔导度下降23.3%~69.4%,27%~78.7%,胞间CO2浓度上升5.4%~62.8%。试验在水分胁迫下测定了11个烟草种质材料的相关生理指标,由此可划分出不同抗旱性能的材料。