红壤区不同生态模式的“土壤水库”特征及其防洪减灾效能

本文在江西红壤区选择 5种具有代表性的红壤生态利用模式 :稀疏林生态 (Ⅰ )、林草生态(Ⅱ )、草灌生态 (Ⅲ )、经果生态 (Ⅳ )、农田生态 (Ⅴ )和对照模式侵蚀裸地 (Ⅵ ) ,利用人工模拟降雨仪研究和分析了不同生态模式“土壤水库”调节雨水的特征及其防洪减灾效能。结果表明 ,红壤区土壤入水通道受阻是“土壤水库”发挥防洪减灾效能的主要障碍因子 ;人工草灌生态模式 (Ⅲ )的防洪减灾效能最好 ;经果生态模式 (Ⅳ )不但具有较高的防洪减沙效能 ,而且具有较高的经济效益 ,是该区首选模式。     

Ecogeographic and genetic diversity based on morphological characters of indigenous rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Yunnan, China

Yunnan is one of the largest centres of genetic ecological diversity and the richest area for elite germplasm of rice (O. sativa L.) resources in the world. Its indigenous rice average diversity index of six ecological groups are, in turn, javanica (1.2319) > aman (1.1738) > communis (1.1726) > nuda (1.1618) > aus (1.1371) > boro (0.9889), and there are great differences between indica (1.1454) and japonica (1.2081). The indigenous rice in Yunnan can be divided into 58 varieties, almost the total number found in China, and the cultivars account for 8.6% of the total cultivars in China. A great difference in ecological diversity index of rice resources between prefectures or counties in Yunnan province also exists, with the southwest part (Lincang, Xishuangbanna, Dehong, Simao) and southeast part (Wenshan) having been found to be the largest centre of genetic diversity, as their average genetic diversity index ranges from 1.2735 to 1.2036, especially. The average diversity index of the Cangyuan, Gengma, Zhenkang, Yongde, Yingjiang, Jinghong, Menghai, Shuangjiang, Ruili, Longchuan, Mojiang, Wenshan and Guangnan counties, in particular, have an average diversity index ranging from 0.8 to1.0. On the contrary, in Diqing, Dongchuan, Kunming, Lijiang, Qujing, Chuxiong, it is comparatively low, i.e., 0.7843–1.1075. Differences in the ecological diversity index of rice resources between rice regions are small, only 1.1322 to 1.2849.     

额济纳绿洲生态抢救和保护刻不容缓

额济纳绿洲生态自 70年代后期以来迅速恶化 ,沙尘暴在加剧、扩展、延伸 ,已成为我国发生沙尘暴的重要沙源之一。治理额济纳生态环境已迫在眉睫。水资源是生态环境建设与环境保护的生命线 ,改变额济纳地区的水环境是实现拯救、保护和建设额济纳绿洲的关键     

喀斯特石漠化生态系统服务价值对生态治理的响应——以贵州花江峡谷石漠化治理示范区为例

为揭示喀斯特石漠化生态系统服务功能价值对生态治理的响应,以贵州花江峡谷为例,将提供产品、涵养水源、保持土壤、土壤肥力、固碳释氧5项功能作为服务价值评估指标,选择生态治理两个时段(前期2000—2005年、后期2005—2010年),基于实测与调查数据,采用物质量和价值量相结合的方法对生态系统服务价值进行了估算。研究区10 a的生态系统类型变化过程中,发生转变的面积14.29 hm2,占总面积的27.7%。其中林分、灌丛、其他生态系统面积有所增加,而耕地、裸岩荒地面积大幅度减少。2000—2005年研究区生态系统类型发生转变的面积11.83 hm2,占土地总面积的22.9%,主要变化区域集中在河岸两侧实施退耕还林区域。2005—2010年研究区生态系统类型发生转变的面积仅占总面积的4.8%,与上一阶段相比转变强度明显降低,变化区域较为分散。研究区生态治理后系统服务价值显著增加,2000—2010年共增加9.61×107元,其中前期增额占18.2%,后期占81.8%。前期年均增长3.49×106元,后期年均增长1.57×107元,后期生态服务价值增长更为显著。其中固定CO2、释放O2价值,产品供给价值和土壤肥力都是服务价值主要组成部分。功能价值的增加一方面源于服务价值低的生态系统向服务价值高的演变(10年间研究区耕地和裸岩荒地向经济生态系统转出868.60 hm2),另一方面归功于生态系统内部服务价值的增加,其贡献率大于80%,是驱动服务价值变化的主导因素。生态治理后生态系统类型间发生明显的空间转变,转变强度、场所与所实施生态治理工程的数量、区域密切相关。治理后生态系统类型间发生转变时间响应较快(前期转变面积占总转变面积的83.0%),但主要服务功能恢复期后才大幅度增加(后期增加功能价值占总增额的81.8%),相比较服务价值变化响应有一定滞后性。     

Estimation of Deposition Velocities for 85Sr, 131I, 137Cs on Spinach,Radish and Beans Leaves in a Tropical Region Under Simulated Fallout Conditions

Poly dispersive aerosols of SrCl₂, NaI, CsCl having a size distribution of 2.33 m (Activity Median Aerodynamic Diameter, [AMAD]) with a geometric standard deviation of 1.83 m are used for the determination of deposition velocity for ⁸⁵Sr, ¹³¹I and ¹³⁷Cs aerosols on tropical spinach (Spinicia olericia), radish (Raphanous sative) and beans (Phasolous valugeries) plant leaves. The experiments were carried out in a specially designed exposure chamber to simulate deposition under accidental releases of radioactivity in tropical environment. The rates of particles deposition are expressed as a function of plant surface area and of plant dry weight. The deposition velocities obtained are in the range of 10^–6 to 10^–7 m/s. These values differ significantly from those in temperate regions. The lower values for deposition velocities (v _g) for the tropical environment is attributed due to high humidity. Therefore, the deposition of suspended aerosols on leaf surfaces caused by impaction and Brownian diffusion becomes slower in tropical environment and resulted into lower value of deposition velocities.     

What are the best correlates of predicted extinction risk?

Direct estimates of extinction risk are frequently unavailable, so surrogate indicators are used in threatened species categorizations, but there is inadequate information on which best predict vulnerability. We compared the ability of 16 frequently-used factors to predict extinction risk for 45 vertebrate taxa. Median times to extinction were estimated using taxon-specific stochastic population models. Population size (N) and trend were clearly the best correlates of extinction risk in our data set. Stepwise multiple regression with additive and interaction terms identified N, N × trend, plus taxonomic level, number of sub-populations × N × trend, number of offspring (O) and N × O as predictors, and explained 70% of the variation. Trend was important in large, but not in small populations. Population size is the most important data to collect for threatened species and with trend should be the major focus in endangered species categorization and state of the environment reporting.     

开发建设项目水土保持方案编制要考虑水流失

针对目前开发建设项目水土保持方案编制对水流失问题存在缺位的现象,阐述了开发建设项目造成水流失的形式与后果,以陕北侏罗纪煤田开发排水为例,分析了流失数量、污染程度、影响范围、影响时间,提出了水流失的防治思路和恢复标准。防治思路:一是改变目前采矿工艺,采用永久性顶板支护,保证采空区不塌陷,上层含水体结构不受破坏;二是采用地下排水,恢复补偿疏空区用水,解决回灌问题。按照防治思路,结合目前我国节水技术发展水平,分别给出了该矿区农业用水、生态用水、人畜用水的恢复标准。     

安徽省省会经济圈水源地生态补偿环境调查分析

生态补偿已经成为当前全社会所广泛关注的热点问题。该文从水源地农村居民认知和态度的角度,调查皖西大别山水源地居民对安徽省省会经济圈生态补偿政策的意愿、补偿标准、补偿后收入的变化、补偿方式的接受意愿。对352份的调查分析结果显示:76.3%的居民对主体功能区水资源的生态补偿政策配合、大力支持和倡导宣传。77.5%水源地居民认为水资源生态补偿标准由水费价格或经济发展水平而定,34.5%的水源地居民认为生态补偿政策实施会改善生活。生态补偿金多数用在投入农业生产方面。34.9%的农户认为生态补偿金应由省政府或经济圈机构来发放,38.9%的农户认为生态补偿金由经济圈内的受益企业和事业单位来支付。从生态补偿方式的意愿来看,67.7%的农户愿意通过技术培训满足外出打工需要或发展补偿产业。在对水源地生态补偿环境调查分析的基础上,提出了生态补偿机制的实施对策。     

草甸土冻融环境与春季解冻期降雨侵蚀模拟研究

以我国东北草甸土为研究对象,采用人工模拟降雨方法,分析试验区冻融环境及春季解冻期室外降雨侵蚀过程。结果表明:温度大体经历了降温、稳定和升温3个阶段,对应地表土壤经历了冻结、稳定冻结和融化3个过程;表层土壤在冻结和融化的两个过程中都经历了冻融作用,其中10月末至12月初和2月中下旬至3月上中旬均是地表土壤经受冻融交替作用强烈的时期,特别是融化阶段是控制春季解冻期土壤侵蚀的关键时期;冻融前后土壤含水率减小19%、土壤容重减小8.9%;整体土壤侵蚀速率表现为增加趋势;小雨强解冻深度浅的处理,侵蚀速率增加幅度不大,坡面细沟以宽浅型为主;大雨强侵蚀速率波动性增强。     

浅谈西部大开发和生态环境建设

西部大开发主要是经济开发 ,它对西部地区和全国加速现代化建设和实施可持续发展战略具有现实意义和深远影响。西部地区严重的水土流失和土地荒漠化、“四料”俱缺 ,应引起有关部门的高度重视 ,在建立农村新型经济过程中 ,应首先解决好农村能源严重不足的问题。自然环境是经济发展的物质基础和条件 ,要依法保护好现有的天然林木 ,大力发展封山育林、育草和飞播造林 ,积极退耕还林还草。国家应组建国家生态建设委员会或环境资源部 ,将西部大开发中的有关部门统管起来