Effect of temperature on herbicidal properties of MTB-951, a mycoherbicide to control Echinochloa crus-galli L.

MTB-951 is a potential mycoherbicide using a fungal plant pathogen ( Drechslera monoceras ) isolated from native Echinochloa species in Japan. Conidia of this pathogen were used as the active ingredient and the effect of temperature on its properties was examined in a laboratory. The optimum temperature for conidium germination was broad between 15 and 35°C and no difference in the germination ratio existed within this temperature range. Mycelial growth was the fastest at 25°C but was slower outside of the range 15–35°C. When leaves of Echinochloa crus-galli L. were immersed in deionized water containing the conidia, cellular electrolyte leakage from the leaves was observed. However, no electrolyte leakage occurred from leaves of rice ( Oryza sativa L.) under the same conditions. The occurrence of electrolyte leakage from E. crus-galli was dependent on the temperature and was the highest at 25°C. Herbicidal activity of MTB-951 against E. crus-galli was high between 25°C and 30°C, but decreased at 35°C in a glass vessel. In the present study, it was revealed that the physiological and herbicidal properties of MTB-951 depended on the temperature.     

Effect of δ-aminolevulinic acid on the herbicidal efficacy of foliar-applied MTB-951, a mycoherbicide to control Echinochloa crus-galli L.

The conidia of a plant pathogen ( Drechslera monoceras [Drechsler] Subram. et Jain [=  Exserohilum monoceras [Drechsler] Leonard et Suggs]), MTB-951, which was isolated from native Echinochloa species in Japan, were used as the herbicidal active ingredient. The effects of δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) on the efficacy of foliar-applied MTB-951 on Echinochloa crus-galli L. were examined. First, foliar-applied MTB-951 exhibited almost no efficacy when no dew period was provided. However, the efficacy increased depending on the length of the dew period. MTB-951 and ALA exhibited an additive effect on E. crus-galli under 3 day dew conditions, although they exhibited a significant synergistic effect under no-dew conditions. When the leaves of E. crus-galli were immersed in deionized water containing the conidia of MTB-951, cellular electrolyte leakage from the leaves was observed. The ALA increased the electrolyte leakage by MTB-951 synergistically. Also, ALA increased the number of lesions on the leaves of E. crus-galli caused by MTB-951 under light conditions but failed to increase the number under dark conditions. These results suggest that ALA promotes infection with MTB-951 for E. crus-galli through its photodynamic action.     

Differential gene expression of the α-chain of mitochondrial H+-transporting ATP synthase between dormant and non-dormant seeds of paddy Echinochloa weeds

Gene expression was compared under favorable germination conditions between dormant and non-dormant seeds of rice paddy Echinochloa weeds and a domesticated Echinochloa species lacking dormancy. Two dormancy-specific cDNAs, Ecd1 and Ecd2 , were identified by differential display. Northern blot analysis revealed that these genes were more strongly expressed in dormant seeds than in non-dormant seeds. A database search for the Ecd1 sequence revealed no significant homology with any known proteins, but the Ecd2 sequence was highly homologous with the α-chain of mitochondrial H⁺-transporting adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase in rice ( Oryza sativa L.). These findings indicate that the gene encoding the enzyme associated with conventional aerobic respiration is more abundantly transcribed in dormant seeds. The results reported in the present study suggest that dormant seeds of paddy Echinochloa weeds, which appear during the period when paddy soil becomes aerobic by drainage, may maintain viability primarily by efficient conventional aerobic respiration, including ATP synthesis catalyzed by the mitochondrial H⁺-transporting ATP synthase.     

Molecular identification of Echinochloa oryzicola Vasing. and E. crus-galli (L.) Beauv. using a polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism technique

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) techniques were applied for establishing the reliable practice in identification of Echinochloa oryzicola Vasing. and E. crus-galli (L.) Beauv. (barnyardgrass). Total DNA was extracted from 18 accessions and 86 individuals of E. oryzicola , 33 accessions and 140 individuals of E. crus-galli var. crus-galli , 23 individuals of E. crus-galli var. praticola , and six individuals of E. crus-galli var. formosensis that were collected from Japan. A partial region of intergenetic spacer between trn T and trn L, and an intron of trn L were amplified separately using a trn-a and trn-b1 primer set, and a trn-c and trn-d primer set, respectively. All individuals of E. oryzicola showed the same fragment amplified by the trn-a and trn-b1 primer set. The fragment was 481 bp in length, and was undigested by Eco R I, whereas all individuals of E. crus-galli , including three botanical varieties, showed the same fragment with a 449-bp length. The fragment was digested by Eco R I into two fragments (178 and 271 bp). The fragment amplified by the trn-c and trn-d primer set in all individuals of E. oryzicola was digested by Alu I into two fragments (174 and 452 bp), but undigested by Dra I. In contrast, the fragment amplified by the trn-c and trn-d primer set in all individuals of E. crus-galli was digested by Dra I into two fragments (134 and 487 bp), but undigested by Alu I. There was no intraspecific variation in these regions; thus, these two species are easily identifiable by using our method.     

N-硝基二苯基脲衍生物的除草活性研究

测定了6个N-硝基二苯基脲衍生物( Ⅰ )在500 mg/L浓度下对稗草Echinochloa crusgalli和绿苋Amaranthus viridis的除草活性,从中筛选出两个化合物 Ⅰ b 、 Ⅰ e 做系列浓度试验。结果表明,它们对稗草、绿苋均表现出一定的抑制活性,且随着浓度增加,抑制活性增强。     

松嫩平原4种植物光合作用光响应特性的研究

在适宜的外界环境条件下设置11个光照梯度,对松嫩平原西部碱地上的芦苇、马莲、虎尾草和稗草植株叶片进行了光模拟试验。结果表明:改变光照强度对这4种植物叶片的光合作用、叶温、气孔导度、水分利用效率、蒸腾作用及胞间CO2浓度等生理指标有不同的影响。芦苇和马莲的光合速率与光合有效辐射强度呈明显的正相关关系,虎尾草和稗草的光合速率随光合有效辐射强度的增加出现先升高后降低的趋势;4种植物的叶温和蒸腾速率都随着光强的增加而升高,并且虎尾草和稗草的叶温始终高于芦苇和马莲;4种植物的胞间CO2浓度均随光强增加而下降;气孔导度与水分利用效率变化无规律性。     

铅对光头稗幼苗生长的影响及其抗性生理研究

该试验通过水培方法,研究了不同浓度铅污染对农田杂草光头稗幼苗生长的影响,同时分析测定了其抗性生理指标的改变以及叶片和根的Pb富集含量。结果表明,低浓度的Pb污染(<50 mg.L-1)对光头稗幼苗的生长无明显抑制现象,甚至促进幼苗的生长,生物量及叶绿素含量均略微升高。但随Pb浓度增加(50～400 mg.L-1)则显示出一定的负效应,光头稗与对照组相比,植株矮小,根短且数目少,植株干重、鲜重均显著减少,叶片发黄,叶片色素含量下降。同时,随Pb浓度增加,叶片和根中的Pb含量增加,叶片和根细胞膜透性增大,电导率显著升高,O2-.产生速率和MDA含量上升,抗氧化保护酶POD活性也呈增大趋势,而SOD活性先增后减,可见这两种保护性酶均可被激活以抵抗铅胁迫,但POD起主要作用。     

稗草磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPCase)基因的克隆与分析

为揭示C₄野生植物稗草（Echinochloa crusgalli）PEPCase的结构和功能特点,探索改善作物高光效新途径,本研究首次克隆了稗草（E. crusgalli）磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶基因(ppc)的cDNA全长,测序及同源性比较分析结果证实,稗草ppc的cDNA全长为2 886 bp,编码961个氨基酸（GenBank登录号：AY251482）;核苷酸序列与谷子(Setaria italica)C₃型、高粱(Sorghum bicolor) C_3-2型、玉米(Zea mays) C_3-2型、水稻(Oryza sativa)C₃型磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶基因的同源率分别达94.8%、93.2%、93.0%和89.7%。推导的氨基酸序列中C末端第771位氨基酸是丙氨酸（A）,表明是一个C₃型基因。与其他植物几种不同形式PEPCase进行的多重序列比对与系统进化分析结果也证实,此基因的核苷酸序列及其编码的氨基酸序列与所有参与对比的C₃型序列的同源性均远远高于与C₄型的同源性。与玉米、高粱C_3-2型PEPCase的同源性分别高达到96.5%、96.4%,与高粱、玉米的C_3-1型PEPCase的同源性分别为84.3%、83.8%,而与谷子、玉米、甘蔗和高粱的C₄型PEPCase的一致性相对较低,分别为82.2%、79.1%、77.1%、76.6%。因此进一步推论新克隆的稗草ppc基因属于C_3-2型。对其编码的蛋白序列进行了结构域、活性位点和功能位点预测。     

除草剂(百草枯)对稗草生物量生殖分配及生长特性的影响

为了解稗草[Echinochloa crusglli(L.)Beauv.]在不同浓度除草剂条件下的资源分配特点,现选用百草枯为试验试剂,并据大田施用量设置5种施用浓度,分别测定不同浓度条件下稗草各器官生物量、生殖分株数量特征,并比较分析各器官生物量及生物量分配比例。试验结果表明:盛花期至结实期,稗草的总生物量基本保持不变,根、茎生物量及其分配比例逐渐减小:生殖器官的生物量及其分配比例逐渐增加;而叶生物量的变化无明显规律,生物量分配值随除草剂浓度的增加而增加。各生长时期内,器官生物量分配格局呈茎>根>叶>花(果)。生殖分株数量特征随除草剂浓度的增加而减小;在C1浓度条件下,稗草穗长、RAⅠ、RAⅡ呈最大值。     

不同处理方法对稗草种子萌发的影响

以湘中地区稗草种子为材料,研究了不同处理方法对其萌发的影响.结果表明,GA3、浓硫酸、KNO3、NaOH及温度处理等都有利于稗草种子的萌发,但促进效果存在较大差异.GA3 1 000～1 500 mg/L浸种24 h和浓硫酸浸种15～20 min均能促使稗草种子萌发率保持在70.0％以上;NaOH 1.5％处理使稗草种子萌发高达93.7％,但高于该浓度处理时萌发率显著降低;KN03处理对稗草种子虽具有一定作用,但效果不甚理想,萌发率低于35.5％;20～25℃温度处理能有效促进稗草种子萌发,发芽率在68.2％～75.8％.