木薯过氧化物酶基因序列分析及其乙烯和茉莉酸甲酯诱导表达特性

[目的]分析木薯Class Ⅲ过氧化物酶(POD)基因(MePOD)的序列特征,并检测乙烯(ET)和茉莉酸(JA)逆境信号对其表达的影响,为研究木薯对逆境胁迫的响应和调控模式及培育抗逆新品种提供理论依据.[方法]从木薯基因组数据库中获取MePOD基因序列并进行分析;以木薯品种华南8号悬浮培养细胞为材料,利用实时荧光定量PCR(qPCR)检测木薯MePOD基因在乙烯利和茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)处理后的表达特性.[结果]MePOD基因编码区含4个外显子和3个内含子;转录起始位点位于起始密码子上游1061 bp处;启动子区域含多个顺式作用元件,但无ET和JA响应元件.MePOD蛋白由33 1个氨基酸组成,分子量为37.476kD,理论等电点为8.66;有一个含信号肽的跨膜结构,是一种阳离子分泌型Class Ⅲ POD.系统发育进化树分析结果表明,木薯MePOD蛋白与大戟科橡胶树(Hevea brasiliensis,ADR70870.1)的亲缘关系最近,且除两种裸子植物外,其他17种被子植物聚为一类,且同一科植物进一步相聚,此结果与进化地位一致.和CR检测结果表明,MeJA涛导0.5 h后,MePOD基因表达量整体上呈先升高后下降的变化趋势,而乙烯利诱导0.5h后其表达量呈缓慢上升的变化趋势,但整体上维持在本底水平之下.[结论]JA和ET逆境信号不直接通过相应响应元件上调MePOD基因表达,而与其他激素信号进行综合调控,并进一步参与植物体内的抗氧化过程.     

绵羊胚胎移植受体同期发情方法的比较

为了比较CIDR＋PG与CIDR＋PG＋PMSG两种激素处理方法对于受体同期发情以及胚胎移植的效果,将103只小尾寒羊作为胚胎移植受体分为两组,分别使用上述两种方法进行同期发情处理。其中,CIDR＋PG组83只,CIDR＋PG＋PMSG组20只。在对供体羊人工输精后第6．5天获取移植囊胚,分别移植到两组受体子宫内。统计受体的发情率、黄体生成情况,以及移植后的妊娠情况。CIDR＋PG组与CIDR＋PG＋PMSG组受体羊发情率分别为87．95％、90．00％;有黄体羊的比例分别为37．35％和75．00％,平均黄体数为1．81和1．93个;两组受体胚胎移植后妊娠率分别为77．41％和86．67％。结果表明,使用CIDR＋PG＋PMSG进行同期发情效果较好,且胚胎移植后妊娠效果较好。     

Effects of partial root-zone drying on yield,tuber size and water use efficiency in potato under field conditions

Water resources are limited for irrigation worldwide; therefore, there is a need for water-saving irrigation practices to be explored. Partial root-zone drying (PRD) is a new water-saving irrigation strategy being tested in many crop species. Experiments were conducted in potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Folva) under open field conditions in 2004 and under a mobile rainout shelter in 2005. Two subsurface irrigation treatments were studied: full irrigation (FI) receiving 100% of evaporative demands, 50.1 and 201 mm of irrigation water in the 2 years, to keep it close to field capacity; and PRD, which received 21.7 and 140 mm of irrigation in 2004 and 2005 respectively. Due to rain in 2004, the PRD treatment was imposed over a short period only during the late tuber filling and maturing stages. In 2005, the PRD treatment was imposed during the whole period of tuber filling and tuber maturation. The PRD treatment was shifted from one side to the other side of potato plants every 5–10 days. Especially in 2005 it was apparent that stomatal conductance was generally lower in the PRD than in the FI plants, whereas leaf water potential tended to be lower in only a few instances. During the treatment period, plants were harvested five times, and no significant difference was found between the treatments in leaf area index, top dry mass and tuber yield. At final harvest, tubers were graded based on size into four classes C₁–C₄, of which the yield of the important marketable class (C₂) was significantly higher (20%) in the PRD than in the FI treatment. Compared with FI, the PRD treatment saved 30% of irrigation water while maintaining tuber yield, leading to a 61% increase of irrigation water use efficiency. The limited data of 2004 support these results. In summary, PRD is a promising water-saving irrigation strategy for potato production in areas with limited water resources.     

新疆塔里木盆地绿洲区ET_0计算参数空间变化研究

为提高Hargreaves公式在不同地区的适用性和准确性,改善区域作物需水量的估算精度和灌区灌溉管理水平。基于新疆塔里木盆地绿洲区5个典型气象站1961-2014年逐日气象资料,以最高温度、最低温度、大气顶太阳辐射为自变量,以Penman-Monteith公式计算的ET_0为因变量,对Hargreaves模型参数进行拟合与分析。结果表明:研究区全年和夏季转换系数K变化趋势相同,均从研究区北向南逐渐增大,春、秋、冬季变化趋势则相反;全年和夏季指数系数n变化趋势相同,也均从研究区的南向北递增,春、秋、冬季则从北向南逐渐增加;温度偏移量Toff总体表现为从南向北逐渐增加。率定后的Hargreaves公式与P-M公式的相关指数,全年最大,为0.787,春秋次之,分别为0.704和0.722,冬季最小,为0.454,拟合后的参数标准误表明拟合值全年最准确,冬季最差。     

长白山地区不同海拔人参挥发油含量及其成分变化规律

[目的]分析海拔高度对长白山地区人参挥发油含量及其成分变化的影响及规律。[方法]采用水蒸汽蒸馏法提取人参中的挥发油,用归一化法测定各组分的体积分数,并采取气质联用（GC-MS）对挥发油中单体成分进行鉴定及含量测定。[结果]生长于不同海拔的4年生人参中挥发油的含量及其成分有显著差别。[结论]海拔高度对于人参挥发油的含量及其成分均有一定的影响,人参挥发油的含量随海拔的升高而增加。     

Ameliorating water repellency under turfgrass of contrasting soil organic matter content: Effect of wetting agent formulation and application frequency

Water conservation strategies are being developed in regions of the world expected to experience decreases in water resources due to changing climates. Strategies advocated for improving water-use efficiency may increase the incidence of soil water repellency in sandy-textured soils. We evaluated the effect of soil wetting agent formulation, and application frequency, on water repellency in sandy soil with two contrasting organic matter (OM) contents under kikuyugrass [Pennisetum clandestinum (Holst. Ex Chiov)], and irrigated at 60% replacement of net evaporation in a climate subject to hot, dry summers. The randomized plot design included two turfgrass ages [established from 20 week (7.7% OM) or 20 year old (30% OM) turfgrass in 2005, the latter included a 50 mm ‘mat’ layer], two soil wetting agent formulations (granular or liquid); two application frequencies (one or two applications per irrigation season); and plots of both turfgrass ages that did not receive any wetting agent (nil control). Both wetting agent formulations contained the same active ingredient (propylene oxide-ethylene oxide block polymer), and all wetting agent treatments received the same rate (69 L active ingredient ha⁻¹). Water repellency in the surface soil (0-5 mm), measured using the molarity of ethanol droplet test (MED), ranged from 1.09 M to 4.32 M during the irrigation season, and was more severe in the soil with high OM (average MED, 3.3 M) than low OM content (average MED, 2.7 M). Applying one application of either granular or liquid soil wetting agent at the commencement of the irrigation season decreased the severity of soil water repellency by up to 30% in the high OM soil and by up to 60% in the low OM soil during the summer, and without the need for a second application. The decline in soil water repellency in response to soil wetting agent application was not matched by an increase in soil VWC in summer, and turfgrass quality was considered acceptable throughout the study. The soil wetting agents were less effective at treating water repellent sand containing a significant amount of OM than sand with low OM content.     

不同来源威灵仙常春藤皂苷元和齐墩果酸的含量测定

[目的]测定不同来源威灵仙药材中常春藤皂苷元和齐墩果酸的含量。[方法]采用反相高效液相色潽法,色谱条件为:色谱柱为Waters XbridgeTM-C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-水(90∶10,V/V),体积流量为1 ml/min,检测波长为205 nm,柱温为25℃。[结果]计算得常春藤皂苷元的回归方程为Y=7×106X-429 884,R2=0.999 8,齐墩果酸的回归方程为Y=8×106X-94 259,R2=0.999 1,表明常春藤皂苷元在2.008～25.100 ng/ml范围内,齐墩果酸在2.238～22.380 ng/ml浓度范围内与峰面积有良好的线性关系。不同来源的威灵仙药材齐墩果酸含量基本大于0.3%;来源于两广的威灵仙品种粉灵仙中常春藤皂苷元含量较高,其他来源的威灵仙药材中常春藤皂苷元含量极低。[结论]该方法简单、准确、稳定,可用于威灵仙药材质量评价;不同来源的威灵仙药材在含量上存在较大差异,其中来源于两广的粉灵仙含量较高。     

高效液相色谱法测定虎杖中的白藜芦醇含量

[目的]以乙醇为萃取剂,优化提取条件,建立高效液相色谱测定虎杖中的白藜芦醇的方法。[方法]色谱柱为phenomenex C18（250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）,流动相为无水甲醇-（浓度0.25%）乙酸（65∶35,V/V）等梯度洗脱,流速为0.8 ml/min,检测波长306 nm,以白藜芦醇的提取得率为评价指标,采用单因素试验和L25（5^4）正交试验法筛选最佳工艺条件。[结果]提取白藜芦醇的最佳工艺为：乙醇浓度为60%,料液比为1∶30（g/ml）,萃取温度为55℃,萃取时间为15 min;在此条件下,提取的白藜芦醇的提取得率达到0.826μg/g。[结论]该方法简便、快捷、准确性高,适用于虎杖中的白藜芦醇的测定。     

Rootstocks influence fruit oleocellosis in ‘Hamlin’ sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck)

Oil spotting or oleocellosis, is a major problem in citrus crops. As the rootstock and fertilization play important roles in citrus growth and fruit development, we investigated the influence of different rootstocks on the growth, mineral nutrition metabolism, water relations, and fruit oleocellosis of eight-year-old field ‘Hamlin’ sweet orange trees. Trees grafted onto Lichi16-6 trifoliata (Poncircus trifoliate) had the greatest rate of oleocellosis (RO), and trees grafted onto Goutou orange (Citrus aurantium) had the greatest degree of oleocellosis (DO). In contrast, trees grafted onto Rangpur lime (Citrus limonia Osbeck) had the lowest RO and DO. Trees were the most vigorous on Rangpur lime rootstocks, followed by Lichi16-6 trifoliata, and then Goutou orange. In addition, because the scion/stock girth ratio showed significant correlations with the RO and DO, oleocellosis parameters can be a good indicator of scion/stock affinity. The total N, total P, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺ in leaves from trees on Rangpur lime were significantly lower than in leaves from trees on Goutou orange or Lichi16-6 trifoliata. In addition, the RO showed a significant correlation with the leaf Ca²⁺ and S concentrations and with the peel Mg²⁺ concentration. The DO was significantly correlated with the total peel N and S concentrations. In addition, the RO showed a significant correlation with the net assimilation of CO₂ (ACO₂), stomatal conductance (GS), transpiration rate (ET), and water-use efficiency (WUE). However, the DO showed a significant correlation with the GS, ACO₂, and WUE. Taken together, these results indicate that rootstocks affect the development of oleocellosis in ‘Hamlin’ sweet orange due to their effects on the mineral nutrition balance and water relations.