EM38探测复垦土壤厚度分布的可行性研究

该文采用EM38电磁感应电导率仪测量辽宁省阜新市海州露天矿场复垦区一块面积为5 000 m2的覆土层的表观电导率,试探性研究表观电导率（ECa）与矿区排土场覆土厚度（TSLT）的相关性。测定结果证实ECa与相同点位剖面挖掘所得的深度数据有很好的负相关性,而两层土壤的电导率差值与上层土壤深度之间存在一定的正相关性。结合地统计克里格插值,得到了该复垦区覆土深度分布的预测趋势图。研究结论指出,基于EM38测量的表观电导率预测矿区复垦区覆土层厚度具有良好的可行性,为废弃矿区复垦质量的客观评估,提供了一种实用、简捷的工程检测 手段。     

Minimally modified low-density lipoprotein up-regulates endothelin receptors in mouse mesenteric artery through p38 MAPK pathway

AIMTo investigate whether minimally modified low-density lipoprotein (mmLDL) affects the quantity and activity of endothelin （ET） type A (ET_A) and type B (ET_B) receptors in mouse mesenteric artery by activating p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inflammatory pathway. METHODSThe KM mice were divided into normal saline (NS) group (injection of NS via caudal vein), mmLDL group (injection of mmLDL via caudal vein), LDL group (injection of LDL via caudal vein), mmLDL+SB 203580 group (injection of mmLDL via caudal vein and intraperitoneal injection of p38 MAPK pathway specific inhibitor SB 203580) and mmLDL+DMSO group (injection of mmLDL via caudal vein and intraperitoneal injection of DMSO). Mesenteric artery ring segment vasoconstriction dose-response curves affected by sarafotoxin 6c (S6c) and ET-1 were recorded by the myography system. The mRNA levels of ET_B receptor, ET_A receptor and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were detected by RT-qPCR. The protein levels of ET_B receptor, ET_A receptor, IL-6, p38 MAPK, p-p38 MAPK, NF-κB and p-NF-κB were determined by Western blot. The serum concentration of IL-6 was measured by ELISA. RESULTSThe contractile responses of the blood vessel segments to S6c and ET-1 were significantly increased by mmLDL (P<0.01). The mRNA and protein expression levels of ET_A receptor, ET_B receptor, and IL-6 significantly increased (P<0.01). The protein levels of p-p38 MAPK and p-NF-κB were significantly increased (P<0.01). The serum level of IL-6 was significantly increased (P<0.01). These effects of mmLDL were inhibited by p38 MAPK inhibitor SB 203580. CONCLUSION mmLDL increses the serum concentration of IL-6, up-regulates the expression of IL-6, ET_A receptor and ET_B receptor in mouse mesenteric artery, and enhances the vasoconstriction function medi?ated by ET_A and ET_B receptors, which is related to the activation of p38 MAPK inflammatory pathway and downstream NF-κB pathway.     

加味丹参饮预处理对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的 探讨加味丹参饮（JDSH）预处理对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤（IRI）的保护作用及机制。方法 采用结扎大鼠冠状动脉左前降支30 min后再灌注30/60 min模型,将56只SD雄性大鼠随机分为7组：假手术组、缺血/再灌注（I/R）30 min组、I/R 60 min组、p38MAPK阻断剂SB203580+I/R 30 min组、SB203580+I/R 60 min组、JDSH+I/R 30 min组、JDSH+I/R60 min组。各组干预2 d后,HE染色心肌组织标本,全自动生化分析仪测定血清CK、LDH,免疫组化法检测p38MAPK、COX-2和ICAM-1蛋白的表达。结果 经JDSH预处理或p38MAPK阻断剂SB203580处理后心肌细胞形态结构保持更好。与假手术组比较,I/R30 min组和I/R 60min组大鼠血清中的CK、LDH明显升高（P<0.01）;与I/R 30/60 min比较,SB203580＋I/R 30/60 min组和JDSH＋I/R 30/60 min组均明显降低（P<0.01）。与假手术组比较,I/R使大鼠心肌组织的p38MAPK、COX-2、ICAM-1蛋白表达增加（P<0.01）,且随再灌注时间的延长而增加;与I/R 30/60 min组比较,SB203580和JDSH均能减少其蛋白表达（P<0.01）。结论 大鼠心肌IRI时,激活了p38MAPK信号通路,且与再灌注时间（30~60 min）呈正相关。JDSH通过抑制p38MAPK信号通路,降低其下游基因COX-2和ICAM-1的表达,降低CK、LDH,减轻心肌损伤,起到保护心肌作用。     

低磷胁迫对转基因抗虫玉米苗期生长的影响

为了了解导入Bt基因是否会引起玉米对磷元素利用能力发生改变,本研究采用转基因抗虫玉米Bt 38及其背景材料郑单958(ZD 958)为试验材料,进行水培试验,设置正常供磷(1mmol/L)和低磷(1μmol/L)两个水平。结果表明:在相同磷浓度下,ZD 958与Bt 38的某些生物性状、生理性状显著地不同,在生物性状上,正常供磷条件下与ZD 958相比,Bt 38根长极显著降低,全展叶叶面积极显著减小,低磷条件下与ZD 958相比,Bt 38株高、根长、茎粗、叶长,叶宽、地上鲜重、地下鲜重均极显著增加,根冠比显著下降;在生理特征上,相同供磷条件下,与ZD 958相比,抗虫玉米心叶、全展叶叶绿素含量及Chla/Chlb均有显著性变化,抗虫玉米不同部位可溶性糖、淀粉含量、激素含量亦有显著性变化。此外,全展叶中可溶性蛋白含量和抗氧化物酶活性也有显著性变化。综上,Bt基因的导入改变了ZD 958苗期对磷元素的利用能力,从而使ZD 958与Bt 38在不同磷环境下表现出不同的生存能力。     

Gene Expression in Black Tiger Prawns Following Intramuscular Injection of β-gal Plasmid

Gene expression in black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) was studied following intra-muscular injection of CMVGal plasmid into the second abdominal segment. We used an in situ staining technique to detect -gal expression in one- and three-month-old injected prawns. We found that only one of the three-month-old prawns expressed the marker gene (2 days after injection), and the site of expression was confined to the sixth abdominal segment away from the injection site. We repeated the experiment on a new batch of three-month-old prawns, but using fluorometric determination technique. This time we found that -gal expression was detected (6/42) at the site of injection after 2, 7, and 14 days. In two other test samples, transgene expression was detected in the sixth abdominal segment only, further confirming the possibility of injected DNA dispersal. The results of the study also suggest that direct gene transfer is a feasible technique in black tiger prawns.     

Use of an electromagnetic technique to determine sodicity in saline-sodic soils

Soil sodicity is an increasing problem in arid‐land irrigated soils that decreases soil permeability and crop production and increases soil erosion. The first step towards the control of sodic soils is the accurate diagnosis of the severity and spatial extent of the problem. Rapid identification and large‐scale mapping of sodium‐affected land will help to improve sodicity management. We evaluated the effectiveness of electromagnetic induction (EM) measurements in identifying, characterizing and mapping the spatial variability of sodicity in five saline‐sodic agricultural fields in Navarre (Spain). Each field was sampled at three 30‐cm soil depth increments at 10–30 sites for a total of 267 soil samples. The number of Geonics‐EM38 measurements in each field varied between 161 and 558, for a total of 1258 ECa (apparent electrical conductivity) readings. Multiple linear regression models established for each field predicted the average profile ECe (electrical conductivity of the saturation extract) and SAR (sodium adsorption ratio of the saturation extract) from ECa. Despite the lack of a direct causal relationship between ECa and SAR, EM measurements can be satisfactorily used for characterizing the spatial distribution of soil sodicity if ECe and SAR are significantly auto‐correlated. These results provide ancillary support for using EM measurements to indirectly characterize the spatial distribution of saline‐sodic soils. More research is needed to elucidate the usefulness of EM measurements in identifying soil sodicity in a wider range of salt and/or sodium‐affected soils.     

A flexible approach to managing variability in grain yield and nitrate leaching at within-field to farm scales

We up-scaled the APSIM simulation model of crop growth, water and nitrogen dynamics to interpret and respond to spatial and temporal variations in soil, season and crop performance and improve yield and decrease nitrate leaching. Grain yields, drainage below the maximum root depth and nitrate leaching are strongly governed by interaction of plant available soil water storage capacity (PAWC), seasonal rainfall and nitrogen supply in the water-limited Mediterranean-type environment of Western Australia (WA). APSIM simulates the interaction of these key system parameters and the robustness of its simulations has been rigorously tested with the results of several field experiments covering a range of soil types and seasonal conditions in WA. We used yield maps, soil and weather data for farms at two locations in WA to determine spatial and temporal patterns of grain yield, drainage below the maximum root depth and nitrate leaching under a range of weather, soil and nitrogen management scenarios. On one farm, we up-scaled APSIM simulations across the whole farm using local weather and fertiliser use data and the average PAWC values of soil type polygons. On a 70 ha field on another farm, we used a linear regression of apparent soil electrical conductivity (EC_a) measured by EM38 against PAWC to transform an EC_a map of the field into a high resolution (5 m grid) PAWC map. We then used regressions of simulated yields, drainage below the maximum root depth and nitrate leaching on PAWC to upscale the APSIM simulations for a range of weather and fertiliser management scenarios. This continuous mapping approach overcame the weakness of the soil polygons approach, which assumed uniformity in soil properties and processes within soil type polygons. It identified areas at greatest financial and environmental risks across the field, which required focused management and simulated their response to management interventions. Splitting nitrogen applications increased simulated wheat yields at all sites across the field and decreased nitrate leaching particularly where the water storage capacity of the soil was small. Low water storage capacity resulted in both low wheat yields and large leaching loss. Another management option to decrease leaching may be to grow perennial vegetation that uses more water and loses less by drainage.Paper from the 5th European Conference on Precision Agriculture (5ECPA), Uppsala, Sweden, 2005     

国审玉米新品种辽单38选育报告

辽单38由辽宁省农业科学院玉米研究所选育,2003年通过国家品种审定委员会审定,组合为辽26×丹340。该品种属晚熟品种,具有产量高、活秆成熟、抗逆性强、品质优良等特点。     

Upgrading a 1/20,000 soil map with an apparent electrical conductivity survey

Despite their shortcomings, choropleth soil maps remain the most widespread source of information on soil resources. Since most nationwide soil surveys were conducted in the second half of the previous century, a need for upgrading emerges. We evaluated the potential of detailed observations made by a mobile, non-invasive proximal soil sensor to upgrade a part of the 1/20,000 choropleth soil map of Belgium. This study was conducted on a 14 ha area which had been mapped twice in the 1950s: first, during the national soil survey yielding a 1/20,000 soil map, and second, during a detailed investigation resulting in a 1/5000 map. The first map failed to identify the presence of a Tertiary clay substratum at variable depths, while the second map indicated this substratum to be present within 1.2 m below the soil surface for about a third of the area. A recent survey with the EM38DD soil sensor provided 9192 measurements of the apparent electrical conductivity (EC_a) within the study area. The depth of the substratum (D_ts) was noted at 60 calibration locations by augering and the relationship between EC_a and D_ts was modelled by an exponential curve with an R² of 0.80. This allowed the detailed mapping of D_ts by regression kriging. The predictions were validated using 46 independent observations of D_ts indicating a reasonable average error of 0.24 m and a very good correlation coefficient between observed and predicted values of 0.94. A map accuracy assessment indicated that even after classification, the D_ts classes were better predicted by the sensor data than the 1/5000 map which was based on many more auger observations. Finally an upgraded 1/20,000 soil map was presented, illustrating the potential of combining existing soil maps with proximal soil sensing technology.     

Reconstructing the paleotopography beneath the loess cover with the aid of an electromagnetic induction sensor

During the last glacial period (Weichselian), wind-blown loess was deposited over the undulating landscape of central Belgium, which had been formed in surfacing Tertiary marine sediments. Since valleys were filled up with a thicker loess layer than hill tops, the present topography is much smoother. This smoothing was enhanced by subsequent erosion processes. Reconstructing the paleolandscape at a detailed scale is almost impossible by conventional procedures based on soil augerings. Therefore, the use of the electromagnetic induction sensor, EM38DD, was evaluated as an alternative for mapping the depth to the Tertiary clay substrate. On our 2.7 ha study site, located in the loess belt of central Belgium, a strong non-linear relationship (R² = 0.86) was found between the apparent electrical conductivity (ECa), measured by the vertical dipole orientation of the EM38DD and the depth to a Tertiary clay substrate. These predictions were validated by independent observations of the depth to the Tertiary clay and a correlation coefficient of 0.83, with an average error of 0.22 m, was found. So, our dense ECa measurements (2 by 2 m resolution) allowed us to build a three-dimensionall surface of the depth to the Tertiary substrate, reconstructing the paleotopography beneath the loess cover. This paleotopography revealed distinct erosion patterns on the surface of the Tertiary clay. The continuity of these was confirmed by an analysis of surface flow patterns conducted on the reconstructed paleotopography. The non-invasive, time- and cost-effective electromagnetic induction sensor was found to offer new perspectives to reconstruct and analyse in detail the Quaternary paleotopography beneath the loess cover.