Economic impact of Wheat streak mosaic virus in the Texas High Plains

Wheat streak mosaic virus, vectored by the wheat curl mite Aceria tosichella Keifer, is a major limiting factor in wheat production in the Texas Panhandle. It is the most frequently encountered virus in the region, affecting both shoot and root biomass, and consequently it can drastically reduce both forage and grain yield, and water-use efficiency of the plant. In light of the continuing decline of water levels in the Ogallala Aquifer, its effect on water-use efficiency has significant implications for irrigated fields, especially with regard to energy costs for pumping water. This article estimates the potential economic losses from the virus infection. To achieve this objective, partial budgeting techniques, based primarily on data from field experiments, were used. Results indicate that Wheat streak mosaic virus causes grain and forage yield losses that significantly affect profits from wheat production. In addition, irrigated wheat producers are more negatively affected by the disease due to the economic losses from reduced water-use efficiency of infected plants. The economic insights from this article provide important implications for wheat management and research priority-setting.     

两型社会建设背景下长株潭城市群耕地安全性评价

摘要：耕地是一种具有经济、生态和社会价值的重要资源,它的数量、质量和生态状况关乎一个地区资源节约和环境友好型社会的建设。本论文运用长株潭城市群耕地利用历史数据,采取层次分析、障碍度分析等研究方法,以两型社会建设理论为依据,在定性描述耕地资源安全内涵的基础上,从资源节约、环境友好两个方面构建评价指标体系,对长株潭城市群耕地资源安全状况进行了评价和障碍度诊断。研究的主要结论是：（1）耕地资源安全具有系统性特征,其内涵涵盖数量安全、质量安全和生态安全,并成为一个有机整体;（2）研究区耕地安全总体及数量、质量和生态状况差异显著,1990-2007年间长株潭城市群耕地安全的总体状况趋于变坏,安全评估得分值从1990年的2.125降到2007年的0.158,表明该地区耕地资源安全存在制约因素;（3）通过障碍因素分析发现,研究区不同时段障碍因素不同,1990-1995年,耕地安全的障碍因素是城市化和经济的过快发展;1996-2002年,障碍因子则转变为地均粮食单产、地均经济产出等过低,而2003-2007年,则表现为环境污染排放等耕地的生态压力因素加大。     

试论宋代农业信仰

在宋代,农业信仰与农业生产有着密切联系,贯穿在整个农业生产之中,在乡村社会里非常盛行。宋代农业信仰在调节民众心理、丰富民众文化生活、稳定社会秩序、加强社会凝聚力等方面发挥着重要的作用。     

In growing pigs, chlortetracycline induces a reversible green bone discoloration and a persistent increase of bone mineral density dependent of dosing regimen

We studied in growing pigs the effects of exposure to dietary chlortetracycline on bone mineral density (BMD) and bone color. Pigs were randomly allocated to a drug-free diet (n = 48) or a diet fortified with 800 ppm of chlortetracycline, starting either at 28- or 84-d of age, and for either a 28- or 56-d duration (n = 16 pigs/group). The lumbar vertebral discoloration and BMD of randomly chosen pigs were evaluated at 28-d intervals up to 168-d of age. The odds of bone discoloration increased with dosing duration and age at treatment onset, and decreased with the withdrawal time and age at treatment onset interaction (p ? 0.001). The measured trabecular BMD linearly increased with age and squared treatment duration (p ? 0.005). Therefore, TC-induced bone discoloration is reversible, and may be prevented with proper dosing regimen design. Moreover, TC induces a persistent increase on BMD that could be detected with quantitative computed tomography.     

基于NDFT Goertzel滤波器的DTMF信号检测的改进方法

提出了一种基于NDFT Goertzel滤波器和逻辑判断的DTMF信号检测的改进方法.传统的基于Goertzel算法的检测方法需要计算8个频率点上的DFT,而改进方法根据按键不同只计算最多6个,最少2个频率点的NDFT.检测数字按键时,对于每个按键计算频率点数的期望值为4.1.改进的检测方法满足ITU的大部分规定.     

生活方式、生产结构、生态环境与中国古代社会经济

本文通过对生活方式、生产结构和生态环境的角度,分析中国历史上社会经济与文化发展的进程。文章指出群居的生活方式、多子继承制度、食尽一山则移一山移民的模式、单一的种植业生产结构等,对古代生态环境产生重要的影响,其结果是供养了较多的人口,进而形成了环境依赖型经济,江南地区由于优越的环境,经济发达。文章最后解释了许多由于生活方式、生产结构和生态环境的原因所形成了经济社会现象。     

有限元模拟土壤孔隙对双针热脉冲法测量比热的影响

双针热脉冲（DPHP）方法是目前用来测量土壤比热(c)、热导率(λ)和温度(T)的重要方法。然而,很多因素均会导致双针热脉冲法测得的λ和c存在误差,如土壤孔隙。本文用有限元法（FEM）对三种不同粒径石英砂的DPHP实验模拟表明：（1）土壤孔隙导致测得的温度空间分布存在显著的各向异性,加热针周围6 mm处不同方向的比热（c）之间相对相差达到了23%;（2）DPHP方法测得的土壤热特性标准差随粒径增大而增大,这与实际实验观察的结果一致;（3）土壤孔隙的存在使得DPHP法测得的土壤比热被高估,本模拟中加热针周围6 mm处c值被高估了约6%。     

4种生物质对大豆双共生系统、土壤微生物及产量的调控

通过田间试验研究施入生物质对根瘤菌、丛枝菌根真菌与大豆双共生系统、土壤微生物及大豆产量的影响。生物质设置秸秆、土豆皮、食用菌废弃料、大豆浸出液4个处理。分别在植株生长第4片复叶展开(V5)、结荚始期(R3)和鼓粒盛期(R6)取样测定。研究结果表明: 外施4种生物质对大豆双共生系统均有不同程度促进作用, 且生物质对大豆菌根形成的促进作用较对根瘤形成的促进更显著, 持续时间更长。在4种生物质中, 秸秆处理表现效果最佳, 不仅对大豆双共生系统、土壤细菌、真菌数量有增效作用, 同时对大豆产量有协同促进作用。在R6期大豆有效根瘤数量、丛枝菌根真菌侵染率、土壤细菌数量分别较对照增加238.46%、26.28%、131.99%, 产量较对照增加69.78%, 且秸秆容易获得, 施用方便, 是有效提高大豆产量的生物质。大豆浸出液处理对大豆双共生系统促进显著, 在R6期有效根瘤数量较对照增加89.74%, 同时丛枝菌根真菌侵染率较对照增加31.23%, 但由于此处理播种前采用浸种方式, 对大豆子叶造成较大损伤, 使保苗率严重降低从而导致产量相对较低。食用菌废弃料和土豆皮处理在3个生育时期对大豆双共生系统的作用不尽一致, 但R6期2个处理的丛枝菌根真菌侵染率和土壤中真菌数量都极显著高于对照。     

Durable press finish of cotton via dual curing using UV light and heat

Continuous photografting/crosslinking of polyethyleneglycol dimethacrylate oligomers onto cotton using a water-soluble benzophenone photoinitiator was investigated. Photografting increased with increasing irradiation dose, oligomer concentration and photoinitiator concentration. Maximum grafting efficiency of DM 400 and 600 were 83% and 79%, respectively. The photografting increased the wrinkle resistance of cotton implying surface crosslinking of cotton. Both surface crosslinking and bulk crosslinking of cotton were accomplished via dual curing of a mixed formulation containing both a thermally curable component (BTCA/SHP) and a UV-curable component. The wrinkle resistance of the crosslinked cotton was found to be higher when cured by thermal curing after UV curing rather than by UV curing after thermal curing due to the facile post-polymerization of the UV active component. The presence of crosslinks in the dually crosslinked cotton was verified with FT-IR and thermogravimetric analysis.     

酸性双蛋白饮料稳定性的研究

蛋白沉淀一直是影响酸性饮料质量的重要因素。通过采用不同稳定剂配比进行正交试验,研制出蛋白含量大于1．5％的酸性双蛋白饮料配方,并确定了稳定剂的种类及添加量。实验结果表明：当蔗糖用量为6％,蛋白糖0．035％,柠檬酸0．45％,pH值为4．12时饮料的12感及风味最佳;当稳定剂配比为CMC0．45％,卡拉胶0．06％,络合剂0、10％,乳化剂0．08％时饮料的稳定性最好。