关于农民如何融入现代社会的思考

农民融入现代社会首先必须解决农民的公民权问题,其次要成为基层镇的居民,然后才是进入现代社会.国家除了要加大对三农投入外,分散性地对中西部地区进行工业布局,避免超大型城市的出现,让农民就近寻找农业的以外的机会,防止大量的夫妻分离与父子分离,避免乡村大量存在的家庭破碎现象.与此同时,土地换社保,培养职业农民,解决农村兼业严重的现象,是农民溶入现代社会的必要措施.     

Breeding goals for the Kenya Dual Purpose goat. I. Model development and application to smallholder production systems

A deterministic model was developed and applied to evaluate biological and economic variables that characterize smallholder production systems utilizing the Kenya Dual Purpose goat (KDPG) in Kenya. The systems were defined as: smallholder low-potential (SLP), smallholder medium-potential (SMP) and smallholder high-potential (SHP). The model was able to predict revenues and costs to the system. Revenues were from sale of milk, surplus yearlings and cull-forage animals, while costs included those incurred for feeds, husbandry, marketing and fixed asset (fixed costs). Of the total outputs, revenue from meat and milk accounted for about 55% and 45%, respectively, in SMP and 39% and 61% in SHP. Total costs comprised mainly variable costs (98%), with husbandry costs being the highest in both SMP and SLP. The total profit per doe per year was KSh 315.48 in SMP, KSh -1352.75 in SLP and KSh -80.22 in SHP. Results suggest that the utilization of the KDPG goat in Kenya is more profitable in the smallholder medium-potential production system. The implication for the application of the model to smallholder production systems in Kenya is discussed.     

2种芦荟中芦荟苷含量及稳定性研究

[目的]对不同生长期的中华芦荟(Aloe vera var. chinensis)和库拉索芦荟(Aloe vera)中芦荟苷含量进行测定,并测定在紫外光和不同酸碱条件下芦荟的稳定性。[方法]采用等吸收双波长分光光度法测定芦荟中芦荟苷含量。[结果]4年生中华芦荟和2年生库拉索芦荟中芦荟苷含量最高,且芦荟苷主要存在于叶皮中;中华芦荟的稳定性随生长期增加而增强,且在弱酸性条件下稳定性较好。[结论]该研究可为合理地采收、开发利用芦荟资源及在储存过程中保留更多的活性成分提供理论指导。     

刍议科学发展观之确立

建设社会主义和谐社会,必须树立科学发展观。科学发展观坚持“以人为本”,人与自然要协调发展。本文认为,科学发展观之确立,应首先从改善思维习惯和行事原则入手,需要反思、审视我们以前之所想、所做和所行。并由此提出换位思考、效率优先、巧用时间、智用空间、效用资源以及爱用人才等6条原则。     

双轮驱动电动拖拉机传动性能研究

提出了双轮驱动电动拖拉机的总体结构方案,从作业受力和牵引效率2个方面分析了电动拖拉机的牵引性能,并进行了传动部件的匹配分析。在此基础上搭建了电动拖拉机传动试验平台,分别进行了牵引性能、带载启动及运输工况等试验。试验结果表明,所设计的电动拖拉机牵引转矩达到1 800 N·m,可满足更大耕深作业。带载启动时,驱动转矩从700 N·m增至1 600 N·m,车速由0增至7 km/h,所用时间约为1.1 s。运输试验运输货物为1 710 kg时,速度达到6.5 km/h。     

双燃料涡流室式发动机的燃烧模拟计算

针对涡流室双燃料发动机的特点，按下述方法来模拟其燃烧过程：副室的燃烧主要由引燃油的燃烧速率控制，其放热率等于引燃油放热率与气体燃料放热率之和；主室的燃烧主要取决于紊流火焰的扩展以及从副室喷来的未燃燃料的燃烧速率。各区之间用质量和能量的平衡方程相互联系。根据所建立的模型编写了计算程序并对计算结果作了验证。文中用该程序对一台样机进行了性能预测，指出了进一步研究的方向。     

柴油/天然气双燃料增压发动机的性能研究

针对6105增压柴油/天然气发动机,通过提高发动机的压缩比、改进燃烧室结构,改善了发动机的经济性能,尤其降低了低速工况时的比油耗和排气烟度。同时,对供油提前角和天然气替代柴油率对发动机性能的影响进行了深入的探讨。试验结果表明适当增大双燃料发动机的供油提前角对其经济性是有利的,CO和HC排放降低,但NOx排放增加;替代率是影响发动机排放的重要因素之一。     

两用燃料小型点燃式发动机的性能

介绍了将小型汽油机改造为两用燃料发动机使用的一体式比例混合器的结构与工作原理。台架试验表明，应用新研制的混合器使两用燃料发动机在使用汽油燃料时发动机的性能与原机一致；使用LPG燃料时发动机的动力性与原机相当，经济性明显改善，HC和CO排放大幅度降低，但稳态NOx排放恶化。怠速排放优于北京市地方排放法规的限值。     

重型柴油机进气预混甲醇实现国Ⅳ排放标准研究

在一台6缸重型柴油机上,进行了进气预混甲醇/柴油双燃料(PMDDF)燃烧、结合氧化催化转换器(DOC)和微粒氧化催化转换器(POC)实现国Ⅳ排放标准的研究。同时还对进气预混甲醇对发动机燃烧过程以及燃油经济性的影响进行了研究。结果表明:在发动机动力性保持不变的情况下,按照排放法规的检测方法,采用PMDDF模式,仅使用DOC+POC可以使原机的排放从国Ⅲ提升到国Ⅳ水平,且综合当量燃油消耗率相比原机基本不变。研究中还发现,随着甲醇替代率的增加,PMDDF模式的着火滞燃期延长,燃烧持续期缩短。在大负荷时,PMDDF模式的当量比油耗低于原机,而小负荷时略高于原机。     

Determination of growth-stage-specific crop coefficients (KC) of maize and sorghum

A ratio of crop evapotranspiration (ET_C) to reference evapotranspiration (ET_O) determines a crop coefficient (K_C) value, which is related to specific crop phenological development to improve transferability of the K_C values. Development of K_C can assist in predicting crop irrigation needs using meteorological data from weather stations. The objective of the research was conducted to determine growth-stage-specific K_C and crop water use for maize (Zea Mays) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) at Texas AgriLife Research field in Uvalde, TX, USA from 2002 to 2008. Seven lysimeters, weighing about 14 Mg, consisted of undisturbed 1.5 m × 2.0 m × 2.2 m deep soil monoliths. Six lysimeters were located in the center of a 1-ha field beneath a linear-move sprinkler system equipped with low energy precision application (LEPA). A seventh lysimeter was established to measure reference grass ET_O. Crop water requirements, K_C determination, and comparison to existing FAO K_C values were determined over a 3-year period for both maize and sorghum. Accumulated seasonal crop water use ranged between 441 and 641 mm for maize and between 491 and 533 mm for sorghum. The K_C values determined during the growing seasons varied from 0.2 to 1.2 for maize and 0.2 to 1.0 for sorghum. Some of the values corresponded and some did not correspond to those from FAO-56 and from the Texas High Plains and elsewhere in other states. We assume that the development of regionally based and growth-stage-specific K_C helps in irrigation management and provides precise water applications for this region.