播种深度对高粱出苗和幼苗生长的影响

为了明确高粱的适宜播种深度,观察不同高粱品种对不同播种深度的耐深播差异,研究了8 种播种深度对3 个高粱品种出苗和幼苗生长的影响,出苗时记载不同播种深度下高粱的出苗速度和出苗率,出苗结束后,调查其地上部分幼苗生长量、胚轴长度和种子根长度。结果表明：随着覆土厚度的增加幼苗出苗速度明显减慢。在播深3 cm、5 cm和7 cm处理下,各品种从播种至出苗需要5 天,在播深8 cm、10 cm、12 cm 和13 cm 处理下,需要5~7 天,在播深17 cm 处理下为7~11 天。在播深12 cm、13 cm 和17 cm处理下‘晋中0822’较其他2 个品种从播种至出苗所需时间早2~4 天。不同播深处理下高粱完成出苗所需要时间也不尽相同。在播深3 cm、5 cm和7 cm处理下,各品种完成出苗所需时间为9 天,在播深8 cm、10 cm、12 cm和13 cm处理下,需要9~13 天,在播深17 cm处理下需13 天。品种‘晋中0822’在播深8 cm、10 cm、12 cm和13 cm处理下9 天完成出苗,较其他2 个品种早。播种深度对3 个高粱品种的出苗率亦有显著影响。随着播种深度的增加,3 个高粱品种的平均出苗率不断降低。3 cm和5 cm为高粱最适播种深度。在播深3 cm、5 cm、7 cm、8c m、10cm和12 cm处理下品种‘晋中0822’出苗率显著高于其他品种。此外,播种深度对幼苗的生长发育也有显著影响。随着播种深度增加,3 个高粱品种的地上部分幼苗生长量和种根长显著降低,而胚轴长度显著增加。在3cm和5 cm播深处理下幼苗生长量、种根长和胚轴长与其他各处理差异显著。在播深7 cm、8 cm、10 cm、12 cm、13 cm和17 cm处理下‘晋中0822’品种各指标与其他品种差异显著。     

云南不同海拔条件和播期对‘2301S’产量及其构成因子的影响

2301S是安徽省农业科学院水稻研究所选育的籼型温敏核不育系。为解决低温敏水稻核不育系繁殖中存在的问题,以2301S为材料,利用云南低纬度高海拔的特殊生态气候优势,根据温敏水稻核不育系2301S的育性敏感期以及抽穗扬花期对温度的要求进行繁殖试验基地的选择。研究不同海拔和播期对2301S繁殖产量及其构成因子的影响。结果显示：对于产量而言,不同海拔条件下2301S的最佳播种时期也存在差异,当海拔为1429 m和1532 m时,2301S的理论产量随播种时期的延迟先增加后降低,在海拔1429 m时,4月24日最适合播种,但在海拔1532 m时,4月14日则最适合播种;当海拔为1631 m和1663 m时,2301S的理论产量随播种时期的延迟而降低,4月4日则最适合播种。通过方差分析可知,海拔和播期及其两者的互作对2301S的产量及构成因子单株有效穗、实粒数、结实率和千粒重产生极显著的影响,海拔和播期对2301S总粒数的影响均达到极显著水平,而两者的互作效应不显著。结果说明,在低海拔地区延期播种和高海拔地区提前播种有利于其增产。本研究可以为解决其他低温敏水稻两系核不育系繁殖中存在的问题提供参考依据。     

气候变暖对霜期农业生产期温度和冻土的影响

以建昌县气候监测站1961—2012年逐日气温、地面温度及冻土深度资料为基础,运用现代气候统计诊断技术,分析了该地区霜期设施农业生产期气温、地面温度、最大冻土深度变化趋势和突变特征及对设施农业的影响。结果表明：自1961年以来,建昌县霜期设施农业生产期平均气温、平均地面温度明显升高,倾向率分别为0.32℃/10 a、0.29℃/10 a,气温在1982年突变性升高,突变之后气温平均升高1.2℃;地面温度在1989年突变性升高,平均升高1.1℃;最大冻土深度明显变浅,倾向率为-4.63 cm/10 a,1985年突变性变浅,突变后冻土最大深度平均变浅18.3 cm。当气温每升高1℃,冻土最大深度将变浅9.6 cm。霜期温度升高等于热量资源的增加,有利于设施农业的发展,冻土深度变浅可减少大棚内植物冻害。研究结果可为大力发展设施农业日光温室提供气候依据。     

利用EPG技术分析西花蓟马在4种寄主植物上的取食行为

采用直流刺吸电位仪EPG(direct current electrical penetration graph, EPG)技术分析西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis雌雄虫在4种寄主植物上的取食行为,探讨西花蓟马雌雄虫取食行为差异及与寄主适合性的相关性。结果表明: (1)西花蓟马在辣椒上的非取食刺探次数显著少于其他寄主植物。雌虫在辣椒、番茄、曼陀罗和矮牵牛上的非取食刺探分别为2311,3289,3610和3044次,雄虫在辣椒、番茄、曼陀罗和矮牵牛上的非取食刺探分别为1527,2772,2214和1968次。西花蓟马在矮牵牛上的短取食刺探显著高于番茄,雌虫在番茄和矮牵牛上的短取食分别为688和1444次,雄虫在番茄和矮牵牛上的短取食分别为159和809次。西花蓟马在矮牵牛上的长取食刺探次数少于在其他寄主植物。(2)雌虫比雄虫产生更多的非取食刺探和短取食刺探,雄虫的长取食刺探显著高于雌虫。在矮牵牛上,雌虫的非取食刺探次数和非取食刺探总时间为雄虫的15倍。在番茄上,雌虫的短取食次数和短取食总时间分别为雄虫的4倍和2倍;雄虫的长取食次数和长取食总时间分别为雌虫的2倍和7倍。由此可见,西花蓟马的取食行为与寄主适宜性之间无显著的相关性。     

Electrofishing efficiency in low conductivity neotropical streams: towards a non‐destructive fish sampling method

Rotenone sampling is the most efficient method for assessing the fish assemblage structure and species abundance of low conductivity Amazonian streams. It does, however, cause fish mortality and disturb aquatic ecosystem. The aim of this study was to search for a non‐destructive alternative. The efficiency of electrofishing was compared against complete removal using rotenone. This procedure was repeated in 12 streams dispersed throughout French Guiana to test for environmental and biological effects such as water conductivity, stream depth, fish family membership and body size. This study revealed that the efficiency of electrofishing was influenced by stream conductivity and stream depth, but not by fish family or body size. The electrofishing method might constitute an efficient alternative to using rotenone in smaller streams (below 25‐cm depth and above 43 μS cm^?1), whereas in deeper and/or slightly conductive streams, rotenone still remains the only method able to provide a quick and comprehensive picture of the fish assemblage.     

Influence of staggered sown Spring sunflower (Helianthus Annuus L.) at varying intra–row spacing and applied–N on pre– and post–anthesis N dynamics and dry matter partitioning in Indo–Gangetic Plains Region

In current study, dry–matter accumulation (DMA), pre– and post–anthesis nitrogen (N) accumulation, N translocation (NT) and dry–matter partitioning by sunflower seeds was investigated under three sowing dates (January 20, February 10 & March 2), two intra–row spacings (30 & 24 cm) and four nitrogen doses (0, 45, 60 & 75 kg ha^–1) in two alluvial soils. Early sowing resulted in higher DMA and NT; leading to higher nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) that could be associated with higher pre–anthesis N accumulation. The closer intra–row spacing resulted in higher DMA by all plant parts except seed. Each graded N dose improved DMA, but improvement in dry–matter partitioning to seed was significant up to 60 and 75 kg N ha^–1 during 2014 and 2015, respectively owing to higher NT under respective treatments. NUE was highest at 60 kg N ha^–1 during both years.     

等氮量下不同分施次数对燥红壤N2O排放的影响

通过室内培养试验研究等氮量下不同施肥次数对N_2O排放的影响。试验设一次性施氮(S1,将200 mg/kg氮肥一次性施入土壤),二次分施(S2,将200 mg/kg氮肥分两次平均施入土壤),三次分施(S3,将200 mg/kg氮肥分80、60、60 mg/kg 3次施入土壤)和空白(CK,不施肥)4个处理。培养在65%田间持水量,30℃恒温箱中进行。结果表明,氮肥施入显著促进土壤N_2O排放;等施氮量下,不同分施次数使土壤pH呈显著性差异,而土壤pH的差异又影响了土壤N_2O累积排放量;分施次数越多,土壤酸化程度越强,N_2O累积排放量越少。因此,在等施氮量下,要充分考虑土壤酸化、N_2O排放、NO–3-N积累以及施肥成本等,确定合理分施次数。     

利用眼肌深度预测猪活体眼肌面积

采用胴体性状测定方法对286头猪胴体进行测定,采用B超测定方法对357头猪活体进行测定,通过分析286头猪胴体测定数据(宰前活体质量、背膘厚、眼肌深、眼肌宽、瘦肉率等)和357头猪活体测定数据(结测质量、背膘厚、眼肌深、眼肌面积),建立胴体与活体2个预测模型并加以验证。结果发现:胴体眼肌深与眼肌面积的相关系数(0.945)高于活体(0.720),胴体模型的决定系数(R2)值(0.894)高于活体模型的R2值(0.519);胴体模型预测值与实测值的散点分布相对一致,而活体模型预测值与实测值的散点分布则较分散;胴体模型预测值与实测值的相关系数为0.497,活体模型为0.672,均为极显著正相关;经t检验,胴体模型预测值与实测值差异不显著,活体模型则差异极显著。本研究结果表明,用眼肌深度预测猪活体眼肌面积是可行的,但预测值的准确性仍需进一步研究。     

中置螺旋分土开沟装置的设计与试验

针对1GQ-1.6型中置铧式犁起垄机在高稻茬黏重土壤环境中作业壅泥缠草、沟边土壤堆积、厢面土块不细碎等问题,将原有中置铧式犁设置成双翼开沟犁,并在中置双翼开沟犁后部旋耕刀轴上左右对称设置分土螺旋,以最大土壤推送量为目标,设计了分土螺旋的螺旋叶片直径、螺距及螺旋升角;基于农艺要求的沟型,设计了双翼开沟犁犁体高度、宽度,研制出由机架、双翼开沟犁、可调深度机构、中间变速箱、分土螺旋和旋耕刀辊组成的螺旋分土开沟装置。室内土槽试验结果表明,中置螺旋分土装置工作性能的各项评价指标均符合国家标准和农艺要求,其中沟深稳定性系数和厢面平整度系数分别达到94.67%、97.53%。     

Induced plant defences in biological control of arthropod pests: a double‐edged sword

Biological control is an important ecosystem service delivered by natural enemies. Together with breeding for plant defence, it constitutes one of the most promising alternatives to pesticides for controlling herbivores in sustainable crop production. Especially induced plant defences may be promising targets in plant breeding for resistance against arthropod pests. Because they are activated upon herbivore damage, costs are only incurred when defence is needed. Moreover, they can be more specific than constitutive defences. Nevertheless, inducible defence traits that are harming plant pest organisms may interfere with biological control agents, such as predators and parasitoids. Despite the vast fundamental knowledge on plant defence mechanisms and their effects on natural enemies, our understanding of the feasibility of combining biological control with induced plant defence in practice is relatively poor. In this review, we focus on arthropod pest control and present the most important features of biological control with natural enemies and of induced plant defence. Furthermore, we show potential synergies and conflicts among them and, finally, identify gaps and list opportunities for their combined use in crop protection. We suggest that breeders should focus on inducible resistance traits that are compatible with the natural enemies of arthropod pests, specifically traits that help communities of natural enemies to build up. © 2017 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.