Effect of Chronic Administration of Phenobarbital,or Bromide,on Pharmacokinetics of Levetiracetam in Dogs with Epilepsy

Background

Levetiracetam (LEV) is a common add‐on antiepileptic drug (AED) in dogs with refractory seizures. Concurrent phenobarbital administration alters the disposition of LEV in healthy dogs.

Hypothesis/Objectives

To evaluate the pharmacokinetics of LEV in dogs with epilepsy when administered concurrently with conventional AEDs.

Animals

Eighteen client‐owned dogs on maintenance treatment with LEV and phenobarbital (PB group, n = 6), LEV and bromide (BR group, n = 6) or LEV, phenobarbital and bromide (PB–BR group, n = 6).

Methods

Prospective pharmacokinetic study. Blood samples were collected at 0, 1, 2, 4, and 6 hours after LEV administration. Plasma LEV concentrations were determined by high‐pressure liquid chromatography. To account for dose differences among dogs, LEV concentrations were normalized to the mean study dose (26.4 mg/kg). Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed on adjusted concentrations, using a noncompartmental method, and area‐under‐the‐curve (AUC) calculated to the last measured time point.

Results

Compared to the PB and PB–BR groups, the BR group had significantly higher peak concentration (C _max) (73.4 ± 24.0 versus 37.5 ± 13.7 and 26.5 ± 8.96 μg/mL, respectively, P < .001) and AUC (329 ± 114 versus 140 ± 64.7 and 98.7 ± 42.2 h*μg/mL, respectively, P < .001), and significantly lower clearance (CL/F) (71.8 ± 22.1 versus 187 ± 81.9 and 269 ± 127 mL/h/kg, respectively, P = .028).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Concurrent administration of PB alone or in combination with bromide increases LEV clearance in epileptic dogs compared to concurrent administration of bromide alone. Dosage increases might be indicated when utilizing LEV as add‐on treatment with phenobarbital in dogs.     

广东省鸭疫里默氏杆菌流行病学监测及遗传进化关系

【目的】明确广东地区鸭疫里默杆菌Riemerella anatipestifer的血清型、耐药状况及遗传进化关系。【方法】从规模化鸭场分离鉴定鸭疫里默氏杆菌,通过玻片凝集试验鉴定血清型;利用试管两倍稀释法测试抗菌药物的最低抑菌浓度,分析药物的敏感性;采用全基因组测序技术分析序列特征并构建核心基因组遗传进化树。【结果】共分离鉴定鸭疫里默氏杆菌168株,血清1、2、3、5、6、7、8、10型均有流行,血清1型的菌株高达54.17%(91/168),其次为2型,占27.97%(47/168)。48株代表性菌株对庆大霉素、卡那霉素、盐酸环丙沙星表现高度耐药,耐药率均超过80%;对土霉素、盐酸四环素、盐酸金霉素、氧氟沙星、诺氟沙星、磺胺二甲嘧啶、磺胺对甲氧嘧啶的耐药率均在60%以上;对阿莫西林、头孢噻肟和大观霉素的耐药率低于30%。受试菌株对5～12种药物耐药,共有44种耐药谱型。成功获得46株菌株全基因组序列,共检出6种耐药基因,其中,耐药基因erm(F)和tet(X)的检出率较高,分别为73.91%(34/46)和82.60%(38/46),同时携带2种以上耐药基因的菌株占95.65%(44...     

皱纹盘鲍（Haliotis discus）脓疱病的研究

１９９３年夏季，大连水产养殖公司槽式养殖的鲍（Ｈａｌｉｏｔｉｓ）发生脓疱病，死亡率高达５０－６０％，经分离纯化得９３０１和９３０２二个菌株，镜检结果表明，两个菌株均匀极生单鞭毛的革兰氏阴性短杆形细菌。在人工感染试验中，健康鲍足肌分别注射两个菌株的菌液，感染率均高达１００％，病症与自然发病的安全相同，因此，证明９３０１和９３０２菌株即为脓疱病的病原菌，药敏试验表明，两个菌株对氯霉素，复方新诺明高度敏     

Effect of new ethyl and methyl carbamates on Rhipicephalus microplus larvae and adult ticks resistant to conventional ixodicides

The effects of six new synthetic carbamates on fully engorged females of four Rhipicephalus microplus strains (one reference strain susceptible to conventional ixodicides, two strains multiresistant to ixodicides and one tick field isolate) were compared. In addition, the effect of two other new synthetic carbamates was tested on larvae from the same strains. The first six tested carbamates reduced egg laying and inhibited egg hatching in the four studied strains (P < 0.05). Compared with untreated females, the eggs produced by the treated engorged female ticks of all strains had a dark, dry, opaque appearance and were less adherent. The remaining two tested carbamates induced larval mortality in all of the evaluated strains. The three studied R. microplus strains displayed 50% resistance ratios (RR₅₀) of less than 2 when compared to the susceptible reference strain. These results demonstrate that both carbamates with a larvicidal effect and carbamates that inhibit egg laying and embryo development are efficacious against tick strains that are resistant to commercial ixodicides, no cross resistance was observed.     

云南十八连山省级自然保护区雨雪冰冻灾害区植被修复技术

应用修复生态学理论和植被演替理论,根据保护区现状和植被修复经验,结合恢复原森林生态系统结构、提高林分抗逆性等植被修复目标,提出了重度受害区植被修复模式、中度受害区植被修复模式、重要经济价值树种营建模式、珍贵树种扩繁模式、防火通道景观配置模式等5种植被修复技术模式。以及各修复模式的树种选择,混交、整地、配置方式及株行距等。     

10株鸡源奇异变形杆菌的质粒消除及耐药性研究

为建立SDS消除奇异变形杆菌质粒的方法,了解奇异变形杆菌的质粒与奇异变形杆菌耐药性表型之间的关系,采用正交设计的试验方法研究奇异变形杆菌的消除条件,并采用琼脂糖凝胶电泳的方法进行验证,筛选出质粒消除效果最佳的试验条件。采用微量稀释法进行质粒消除前后奇异变形杆菌对13种抗生素的药敏性测定。结果显示,消除效果最好的条件为消除剂SDS浓度0.2%,温度42℃,消除72 h。将该组消除后不含质粒的奇异变形杆菌与原含质粒奇异变形杆进行耐药性试验,结果表明,10株鸡源奇异变形杆菌消除质粒后,其中9株对头孢噻呋的药物敏感性由耐药变为敏感。     

淤泥湖团头鲂与梁子湖团头鲂杂交子一代的性状研究

团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala Yih)是一种优良的淡水养殖鱼类,但在家养条件下连续传代会引起经济性状指标下降。本试验通过原种选优,以优配优的杂交组合,得出淤泥湖团头鲂与梁子湖团头鲂杂交子一代和回交子代。经饲养观察,证明杂交子一代和回交子代都有良好的生长优势,含肉率和粗蛋白含量相对增高,经济性状较亲本更好。血清蛋白电泳分析结果表明,杂交子代与亲本存在着质的差异。     

牛蛙脑膜炎黄杆菌病病原菌的研究

从广东省揭西县坪下牛蛙养殖场收集患黄杆菌病的病蛙,其症状是歪头、狂游、双眼白内障、肝脏肿大充血,腹水严重。从病蛙脑髓、眼底等处分离到62菌株。经急性毒性试验证明分离菌株对健康牛蛙有较强的致病性。选用其中有代表性的981229—1等菌株进行系统的生理生化试验结果显示,981229—3等菌株革兰氏染色阴性、短直杆菌、无动力、无芽孢、好氧型、不利用葡萄糖。内毒素试验阳性。经VITEK-AMS-60自动化检测系统鉴定为脑膜炎脓毒性黄杆菌(Flavobacterium meninosepticum)。选取47种抗菌药物,通过K—B纸片扩散法对分离菌进行耐药性试验结果显示,病原菌对40种试验药物耐药(85.11％)、中等敏感药物2种(4.26％)、敏感药物5种(10.64％)。以试管稀释法、测定分离菌株对5种敏感药物的平均 MIC分别是:利福平 0.24、环丙沙星 0.70、氧氟沙星 0.70、氟啶酸 1.20和麦迪霉素7.80μg/ml。     

伊犁地区绵羊李氏杆菌药敏特性及平板凝集快速诊断方法的建立

[目的]建立一种快速检测李氏杆菌病的方法。[方法]通过对实验室保存的5株李氏杆菌分离株进行药敏试验,用甲醛灭活苗免疫试验动物,制备特异性抗体,将特异性抗体与抗原进行平板凝集试验。[结果]分离菌株对氨苄西林、庆大霉素、链霉素高度敏感,对头孢唑啉、左氧氟沙星和多粘菌素中度敏感,对头孢他啶、头孢呋辛钠耐药性较强。通过用甲醛灭活苗免疫试验动物来制备特异性抗体,将特异性抗体与抗原做平板凝集试验,建立一种快速准确检测李氏杆菌病的方法。[结论]成功建立了一种快速检测李氏杆菌病的方法。     

水稻纹枯防治药剂筛选研究

[目的]筛选防治水稻纹枯病的药剂.[方法]采用江苏市场上常见的几种药剂,于水稻纹枯病始盛期和发病高峰期各用药一次.[结果]40％嘧菌酯WP 150和225 g/hm2对水稻纹枯病均有较好的防治效果.建议用量为150、225 g/hm2左右,在水稻纹枯病发病初期使用,连用2～3次.[结论]40％嘧菌酯WP 150、225 g/hm2为防治水稻纹枯病较理想的药剂.