混合浮床对南海湖湿地富营养化水体修复的作用

[目的]探究植物的交互作用对生态浮床去除N,P效率的影响,为后期南海湖湿地规模化建设提供理论依据。[方法]在自然开放水域条件下,选取适合于北方生长的3种挺水植物水葱、千屈菜、风车草为浮床植物,以高密聚乙烯空心塑料基盘为植物载体,建立单一种植与交叉混合种植两种浮床体系,在南海湖湿地保护区进行为期90 d的水质处理,研究植物生长特性及浮床净化效果。[结果] 10月份收割时,混合浮床中水葱和风车草的分蘖数分别达26和30株,生物量(鲜重)分别为1.43和1.98 kg/株。风车草浮床N累积量最好,达110.6 g/m~2,水体TN去除率34.9%。混合浮床P累积量最好,达26.02 g/m~2,水体TP去除率43.3%。[结论]植物的交互作用对植株的分蘖繁殖有一定促进作用,但不改变植物自身N,P吸收能力,植物体对N,P的累积量受生物量影响较大,3种植物在混合浮床中的整株N,P累积量要高于单植物浮床,混合浮床可作为针对南海湖富营养化水体修复的浮床形式推广使用。     

不同施肥方法对双季稻区水稻产量及氮素流失的影响

为保障粮食安全,减少稻田生态系统氮肥投入,提高氮肥利用率和减少氮素流失成为重要的农业和环境措施。本研究在位于湖南岳阳的农业部岳阳农业环境科学观测实验站开展为期1年的早稻、晚稻田间试验,比较了不施肥(T_1)、尿素常规施肥(T_2,施N 280 kg·hm~(-2)、P_2O_5 165 kg·hm~(-2)、K_2O 120 kg·hm~(-2))、控释肥常规施用(T_3,施N 230 kg·hm~(-2)、P_2O_5 165 kg·hm~(-2)、K_2O 120 kg·hm~(-2))、高量控释肥侧条施用(T_4,施N 230 kg·hm~(-2)、P_2O_5 138 kg·hm~(-2)、K_2O 120 kg·hm~(-2))、中量控释肥侧条施用(T5,施N 180 kg·hm~(-2)、P_2O_5 123 kg·hm~(-2)、K_2O 120kg·hm~(-2))及低量控释肥侧条施用(T6,施N 140 kg·hm~(-2)、P_2O_5 123 kg·hm~(-2)、K_2O 120 kg·hm~(-2))下氮肥的养分利用率、作物产量及氮素流失情况,以期为稻田氮素合理利用提供理论依据。研究结果表明,控释肥侧条施用可有效提高水稻的产量和氮肥利用率,减少面源流失。1)在减少稻田秧苗数量和氮肥施用量的条件下,T_4处理的水稻早晚稻产量分别比T_2处理增加13.17%和4.72%,与T_3处理相比亦分别增加7.27%和1.74%;2)侧条施肥处理有效降低了稻田氮素流失量,年氮流失量为0.466~0.673 kg×hm~(-2),比常规施肥处理降低地表径流氮流失量3.54%~29.36%;3)侧条施肥有效提高了氮肥利用率,T_4处理的氮肥利用率分别是T_2、T_3处理的1.70倍和1.22倍。因此,采用合适的施肥方式、配施适量控释氮肥可获得较高的产值和收益。高量控释肥侧条施用(T_4)是本研究区域最佳的施肥模式,对实现现代化农业生产的高产高效、资源节约和生态环境保护具有重要意义。     

基于生态适宜度模型的城乡土地利用分区与优化布局——以鄱阳湖生态经济区为例

开展城乡土地利用功能分区和空间布局优化,是促进城乡一体化发展的有效途径。以鄱阳湖生态经济区为例,通过构建城乡土地利用生态位适宜度模型,对鄱阳湖生态经济区土地利用生态位适宜度进行了分区,并在此基础上提出了优化布局策略。结果表明:(1)鄱阳湖生态经济区布局优化为商业发展主导区、工业发展主导区和农业发展主导区以及环境保护主导区;(2)鄱阳湖生态经济区城乡土地利用空间布局可划分为核心增长极、区域中心城市、一级扩散圈、二级扩散圈和二级扩散带;(3)应从发展高新技术产业、提升都市圈核心竞争力、保障城乡用地需求、加快农田水利建设和优化生态开发利用模式等方面优化城乡土地利用空间布局。基于生态适宜度模型探讨城乡土地利用布局,为实现区域城乡均衡发展提供了新视角。     

盐生植物根系增强土体抗剪强度效应试验研究

以大柴旦盐湖区及其周边地区作为试验区,选取海韭菜、芦苇2种优势盐生植物作为供试种,通过对2种盐生植物根—土复合体试样和素土试样进行剪切试验,探讨了盐生植物根系对土体抗剪强度增强作用以及土体抗剪强度的影响因素。结果表明:2种植物根—土复合体试样粘聚力值为13.48~21.87kPa,不含根系素土试样粘聚力值为8.45kPa,与不含根系素土相比,根—土复合体的粘聚力值增长量为5.03~13.42kPa,其增长幅度为59.53%~158.82%;海韭菜根—土复合体试样粘聚力值大于芦苇,2种盐生植物根—土复合体试样粘聚力值与2种盐生植物在一定范围内的根系含量之间呈正相关关系,同时一定程度上表明了试验区2种植物根系增强土体强剪强度的机制表现为,在一定范围内根—土复合体中根系密度和数量愈高则其对土体抗剪强度增强程度相对愈显著,且海韭菜对土体粘聚力的增强作用显著大于芦苇。该研究成果对研究区以及与该区地质条件相类似的其他地区利用盐生植物增强土体抗剪强度,以实现有效地防治地表水土流失、浅层滑坡等地质灾害具有理论研究价值和实际指导意义。     

Modeling the water budget in a deep caldera lake and its hydrologic assessment: Lake Ikeda, Japan

The hydrologic assessment of a lake water budget can be helpful in achieving proper water management and sustainable water use. A model to analyze a lake water budget was developed and verified for Lake Ikeda, Japan. Lake evaporation was estimated by numerical analyses of lake water temperature and the lake energy budget. Inflow from the lake catchment area and leakage from the lake bottom were estimated based on the tank model and Darcy's law, and the model parameters were optimized by the shuffled complex evolution method. The estimated monthly lake evaporation rate is consistent with the evaporation rate estimated by the energy budget Bowen ratio method based on in situ data from 2004 to 2005. Moreover, the calculated time series of daily lake levels agrees well with those of measured lake levels during 1983 to 1999. Thus, the model is useful for evaluating the lake water budget. Numerical analysis reveals seasonal and annual variation characteristics in the water budget components. Precipitation, inflow from the catchment area, and river water supply are generally high during the rainy season from June to July with substantial annual variation. Lake evaporation is greatest in October and least in April, but the annual variation is relatively small. Agricultural water use is relatively high from April to September. There are no marked seasonal changes in leakage and drinking water use. The lake level is generally highest in September and lowest in March, which is characterized by seasonal changes in water budget components. The model was also applied to 17-year simulations under hypothetical hydrologic conditions to examine the effect of water use and agricultural water management on the lake level. Results indicate that river water supply, provided under the agricultural water management system, effectively compensates for the decrease in lake water resulting from agricultural water use.     

柴窝堡湖高白鲑生长与移殖效应分析

2004年6月-2007年5月,采集柴窝堡湖高白鲑标本79尾,对其年龄与生长状况及高白鲑在柴窝堡湖移殖效应进行了分析。研究表明：柴窝堡湖高白鲑1龄平均逆算体长L1=11.7cm、2龄平均逆算体长L2=26.1cm;体长与体重的回归方程为W=0．013474L^309069;高白鲑在柴窝堡湖生长正常,能够形成捕捞群体,但由于柴窝堡湖现有的渔业捕捞方式,影响了高白鲑在柴窝堡湖渔业移殖效应。     

基于改进萤火虫算法的投影寻踪太湖水质综合评价

针对水质评价中指标的多样性及不相容性,提出了基于改进的萤火虫算法的投影寻踪水质评价方法。该方法根据水质标准等级样本集所划分的标准,构建投影指标函数,并用改进的萤火虫算法进行优化,使搜索步长逐步减小,寻优后期也可具有良好的局部搜索能力,得到最佳投影方向,使综合评价结果能够客观准确地反映出水质状况。运用该方法对太湖的水质数据进行综合评价,并与传统方法综合评分法(F值法)得到的结果进行对比,评价结果更符合当地水质状况实际情况,且对水质等级划分更为清晰。     

鄱阳湖生态经济区农田植被碳储量与碳密度分析

采用参数估算法对2001~2013年鄱阳湖生态经济区农田生态系统的植被碳储量与碳密度进行测算。结果显示：该区农田植被碳储量与碳密度均呈现上升趋势;农田碳储量与碳密度的变化受农作物种植结构、产量及总播种面积的影响。由此可见,植被碳储量的变化对生态系统的固碳能力具有重要的影响,农田植被碳储量与碳密度在一定程度上的提高,具有碳汇作用。研究农田生态系统碳储量、碳密度对控制温室效应具有重要的参考意义。     

洞庭湖泥沙沉积与土壤侵蚀

洞庭湖是一个吞吐型的过水湖泊,其泥沙沉积量大,1951～1983年累计沉积泥沙约48.07亿t,年平均沉积1.5亿t。泥沙沉积于汛期,多为长江冲积物。严重的泥沙淤积,反映出长江中上游地区土壤侵蚀十分强烈。泥沙沉积灾害发生在湖区,突出表现为洪涝、土壤潜育化和血吸虫感染。侵蚀灾害发生在山丘区,它导致土壤退化和滑坡、泥石流灾害加剧。加强长江上游水土流失重点防治和中上游防护林工程体系建设,提高人均产值,消除或减轻人口增长对生态环境造成的压力,可从根本上控制土壤侵蚀和泥沙沉积灾害。     

Response of alluvial fan systems to the late Pleistocene to Holocene climatic transition: contrasts between the margins of pluvial Lakes Lahontan and Mojave, Nevada and California, USA

Dated shorelines of late Pleistocene pluvial Lakes Lahontan (Great Basin Desert, northwest Nevada) and Mojave (Mojave Desert, eastern California) provide timelines for the assessment of alluvial fan sedimentation at the lake margins during the late Pleistocene to early Holocene. Two sets of alluvial fan systems have been mapped: the Stillwater fans, feeding Lake Lahontan; and the Zzyzx fans, feeding Lake Mojave. Their contrasting morphologies suggest different responses of the two fan systems to late Pleistocene to early Holocene climatic change. At the time the Stillwater fan systems underwent minimal sedimentation, with the catchment hillslopes apparently stable. The Zzyzx fans experienced major changes in water and sediment supply from the catchment hillslopes. There was a major phase of hillslope debris-flow activity, followed by fanhead trenching and distal fan progradation. Both areas were wetter and colder in the late Pleistocene than they are today, but during the transition to the Holocene the Zzyzx area was more likely to experience intense rains associated with the monsoonal penetration of warm moist tropical air into the Southwest. Vegetation reconstructions for the late Pleistocene to the early Holocene suggest that catchment hillslopes in the Mojave supported a desert shrub vegetation, but those in the Stillwaters supported juniper woodland and grasses at low elevations and pine at higher elevations. Contrasts in hillslope vegetation cover together with storm activity may account for the different responses of the alluvial fans to climatic change during the Pleistocene to Holocene climatic transition. After the falls in lake levels of Lakes Lahontan and Mojave in the early Holocene, both areas underwent aridification, resulting in reductions in hillslope vegetation cover. Increased storm runoff led to fanhead trenching and distal progradation of the alluvial fans. Variations in fan style at that time may relate primarily to base-level conditions resulting from different gradients on the exposed lake shores.