我国养蜂业发展的战略定位与对策建议 ——基于产业内外部效应的视角

养蜂业作为现代农业的重要组成部分,具有投入少、见效快、不占用耕地、不污染环境的特点。蜜蜂授粉还可以较大幅度提高农作物的产量和品质,促进农业实现健康、绿色和高质量发展。基于外部性理论及兼顾产业内外部效益,利用国家蜂产业体系固定观察点调研资料、蜂蜜市场价格调查和UNComtrade数据,分析了我国蜂业发展概况、生产模式、布局和发展特征,研判养蜂业面临的挑战,探讨其战略定位。研究表明,定地养殖规模相对较小但投入低,大转地养年运输距离最大可达1.5万km且单群收益最高。专业化、机械化和组织化是促进近年蜂农饲养规模稳步提高的主要因素。当前养蜂业面临3个方面的挑战:出口利润直降,高品质蜂产品生产技术与市场双重考验,大田有偿授粉机制尚未建立。因此,从增加农业农村经济和全社会福利的视角,充分发挥养蜂业在农业绿色、生态和高质量发展中的关键作用,提出战略定位和相应的政策。应着眼于专业蜂农生产技术水平提升,积极探索蜂业与种植业的耦合发展的模式,强化养蜂业外部性功能,以标准分级推动优质优价体系,以提升产业内部效益。     

EXPLORING THE RECYCLING OF MANURE FROM URBAN LIVESTOCK FARMS: A CASE STUDY IN ETHIOPIA

• Livestock manure was the main organic waste in urban and peri-urban areas.• Manure production will increase by a factor of 3–10 between 2015–2050.• Only 13%–38% of excreted N by livestock will be recycled in croplands.• Intensification of urban livestock production greatly increased N surpluses.• Reducing population growth and increasing livestock productivity needed.Urban population growth is driving the expansion of urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA) in developing countries. UPA is providing nutritious food to residents but the manures produced by UPA livestock farms and other wastes are not properly recycled. This paper explores the effects of four scenarios: (1) a reference scenario (business as usual), (2) increased urbanization, (3) UPA intensification, and (4) improved technology, on food-protein self-sufficiency, manure nitrogen (N) recycling and balances for four different zones in a small city (Jimma) in Ethiopia during the period 2015-2050. An N mass flow model with data from farm surveys, field experiments and literature was used. A field experiment was conducted and N use efficiency and N fertilizer replacement values differed among the five types of composts derived from urban livestock manures and kitchen wastes. The N use efficiency and N fertilizer replacement values were used in the N mass flow model.Livestock manures were the main organic wastes in urban areas, although only 20 to 40% of animal-sourced food consumed was produced in UPA, and only 14 to 19% of protein intake by residents was animal-based. Scenarios indicate that manure production in UPA will increase 3 to 10 times between 2015 and 2050, depending on urbanization and UPA intensification. Only 13 to 38% of manure N will be recycled in croplands. Farm-gate N balances of UPA livestock farms will increase to>1 t·ha⁻¹ in 2050. Doubling livestock productivity and feed protein conversion to animal-sourced food will roughly halve manure N production.Costs of waste recycling were high and indicate the need for government incentives. Results of these senarios are wake-up calls for all stakeholders and indicate alternative pathways.     

氮肥种类及施氮水平对桂牧一号杂交象草体外发酵特性的影响

为更好地指导桂牧一号杂交象草的优质高产栽培,设7个处理,分别为:A1(施尿素,150 kg/hm2),A2(施尿素,300 kg/hm2),A3(施尿素,450 kg/hm2),B1(施碳铵,411.3 kg/hm2),B2(施碳铵,821.4 kg/hm2),B3(施碳铵,1 231.65 kg/hm2),CK(不施氮肥),用体外产气法测定了不同氮肥及施氮水平下桂牧一号杂交象草的产气量以及干物质和有机物的体外消失率.结果表明:各处理组牧草间产气动力学参数差异显著(P<0.05),理论最大产气量、产气速率常数、产气延滞时间和干物质体外消化率分别以处理B1,B1,A3和B1最高,而以处理A1,A1,B2和B3最低.相关性分析表明,理论最大产气量与产气速率呈显著正相关,干物质、有机物体外消失率与中性洗涤纤维含量呈显著正相关,干物质体外消化率与牧草中磷含量呈显著负相关,产气速率与延滞时间之间的相关不显著,其他各参数与营养成分之间的相关性较低.从桂牧一号杂交象草体外发酵的特性来看,施用碳铵要优于尿素,碳铵的施用量以411~821 kg/hm2较为适宜.     

初级生产力的不同测定方法

初级生产力 (ｐｒｉｍａｒｙｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｖｉｔｙ) ,即自养生物通过光合作用或化学合成制造有机物的速率。初级生产力包括总初级生产力 (ｇｒｏｓｓｐｒｉｍａｒｙｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｖｉｔｙ)和初级生产力 (ｎｅｔｐｒｉｍａｒｙｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｖｉｔｙ)。前者是指自养生物生产的有机总碳量 ;后者是总初级生产力扣除自养生物在测定阶段中呼吸消耗掉的量 (沈国英 ,施并章 ,1996 )。初级生产力是食物链的基础环节 ,是反映生态系统生产潜力的基本参数 ,对于水域生态系统而言 ,它不仅决定该系统的溶氧状况 ,还直接或间接地影响其它生物和…     

基于启发式Johnson算法优化BP神经网络的水产养殖产量预测模型

针对水产养殖产量预测难的现状,提出一种基于启发式Johnson算法优化的反向传播神经网络(BPNN)的产量预测模型。该模型在传统BP神经网络的基础上,针对网络训练时间长、易陷入局部最优的问题,通过启发式Johnson算法降低输入神经元维度,再结合试凑法确定神经网络隐层个数,构建启发式Johnson反向传播神经网络(HJA-BPNN)学习预测模型。实验结果表明,该模型在山东省对虾海水养殖产量预测中,预测的均方根误差小于传统BP神经网络和GM(1,1),且学习效率相比传统BP神经网络有所提升。研究表明,该学习预测模型在大量历史数据的模型构造上有更大的优势,能够缩短建模时间,同时获得良好的预测效果,为水产养殖产量预测提供了一种可行的新方法。     

Technical efficiency of carp production in Nepal: An application of stochastic frontier production function approach*

Abstract

Modern aquaculture is a relatively new activity among Nepalese farmers and a small contributor to the economy. Given the abundance of water resources and fish species, rising demand for fish, and its high profitability, aquaculture has potential for future expansion if it is given appropriate attention from the government. In Nepal, productivity in aquaculture is much lower compared to other countries in the region, which suggests that there is potential for increased fish production through technological progress and improvement in farm‐level technical efficiency. However, no formal analysis has yet been conducted to assess the productive performance of Nepalese aquaculture and its potential for future improvement. Against this background, this paper examines the technical efficiency and its determinants for a sample of fish pond farms from the Tarai region of the country using a stochastic production frontier involving a model for technical inefficiency effects. The estimated mean technical efficiency is 77%, with intensive farms being more efficient than extensive farms. The adoption of regular fish, water, and feed management activities has a strong positive effect on technical efficiency.     

A review of production frontier analysis for aquaculture management

Abstract

This paper examines recent advances in production economics with special reference to efficiency measurement using production frontiers and its implications for aquaculture management. Compared with agriculture and other industries, the use of production frontiers in aquaculture is still very limited. However, in recent years several frontier applications in aquaculture have appeared in the literature, suggesting potential applications of these techniques in aquaculture. A synopsis of stochastic frontier production function model and data envelopment analysis (DEA), the two most popular approaches to efficiency measurement, is presented, followed by a review of recent frontier studies in shrimp, carp and tilapia production. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of future development and prospects of frontier applications for aquaculture management.     

湘中农区壶天山羊的生产性能及生态养殖技术研究

通过采用测定200只壶天山羊的体尺体重,统计66胎产仔情况、屠宰6只成年羊,将8只成年杂交羊(壶天羊×马头羊)和50只成年壶天羊作对比等办法,从而真实系统地总结了该山羊的各项生产性能.对以"七化四结合"为主要内容的山羊生态养殖关键技术进行了研究,提出了"羊→沼→稻(菜或草)"生产模式和"企业 农户"的经营模式.     

渔业数据失真对两种非平衡剩余产量模型评估结果的影响比较

为了研究渔业数据失真对两种非平衡剩余产量模型评估结果的影响,以南大西洋长鳍金枪鱼渔业产量和单位捕捞努力量渔获量(CPUE)数据作为基础数据,加入5种不同程度[变异系数(CV)=1%、5%、10%、20%和30%]的随机误差,模拟了(1)无数据失真,(2)仅产量数据失真,(3)仅CPUE数据失真,(4)产量和CPUE数据均失真等4种情况。利用基于ASPIC的非平衡剩余产量模型(ASM)和基于贝叶斯状态空间建模方法的非平衡剩余产量模型(BSM)分别评估了最大可持续产量(MSY)、B_(MSY)、F_(MSY)、B_(2011)/B_(MSY)、F2011/F_(MSY)等5种生物学参考点和管理指标。结果显示,在无数据失真情况下,ASM和BSM评估的MSY分别为2.866×10~4 t和2.836×10~4 t,B_(2011)/B_(MSY)分别为1.366和1.324,F2011/F_(MSY)分别为0.627和0.667,均相差不大,表明该渔业目前状态良好,ASM得到了较大的B_(MSY)(31.48×10~4 t)和较小的F_(MSY)(0.091);数据失真对ASM评估的B_(MSY)和F_(MSY)分别产生了严重的过低估计和过高估计,且CPUE数据失真产生的影响要比产量数据失真大;随着随机误差的增大,BSM评估的生物学参考点和管理指标的绝对百分比偏差有增大趋势;与ASM相比,BSM能够更好地处理渔业数据中存在的随机误差,除了MSY以外,BSM评估的生物学参考点和管理指标绝对百分比偏差均要比ASM的评估结果低,尤其是B_(MSY)和F_(MSY)。因此,在使用存在较大随机误差的渔业数据进行资源评估时,BSM具有一定的优势。     

Effect of carbon/nitrogen ratio manipulation in feed supplements on Artemia production and water quality in solar salt ponds in the Mekong Delta,Vietnam

The effect of carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio manipulation in feed supplements on Artemia production and water quality was investigated in solar salt ponds in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. It was assumed that development of bacterial bioflocs through C/N manipulation would improve Artemia production and water quality as demonstrated in freshwater and marine aquaculture. Twelve ponds were used for three treatments and the control, in triplicates. Green water (GW) was supplied to all ponds, with the standard Vietnamese procedure of supplying GW and chicken manure (CM) as the control (C/N 1.8). Treatment ponds were supplemented with tapioca (TAP) as carbon source, combined with either CM, pig manure (PM) or rice bran (RB), with C/N ratios of 7.4, 10.5 or 20.1 respectively. After 6 weeks of culture, no single treatment supported both improved water quality and enhanced Artemia production. Overall, improved water quality was observed at C/N 20.1 and higher Artemia production at C/N 7.4. Although external field factors could have interfered with the set‐up, this is the first study on the effect of C/N manipulation in feed supplements in Artemia pond production systems and provides the basis for development of bacterial bioflocs as a technology to improve water quality and Artemia production.