Fungal–copper interactions in wood examined with large field of view synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence microscopy

ABSTRACT

The goal of this study was to demonstrate how synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM) can be used to better understand the mechanisms of copper tolerance in wood decay fungi. Copper is a major component in commercial wood preservatives as it is toxic to many wood decay fungi. However, certain fungi are copper tolerant and can attack preservative-treated wood, resulting in structural damage to treated wood members. Here we used large-field XFM to visualize six different elements (K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn) in the mycelia and wood inoculated with four different species of brown rot wood decay fungi. Wood blocks were partially dipped into a solution of copper sulfate, exposed to fungi in malt extract agar petri dish assays for nine weeks, and then imaged and compared to blocks that were partially dipped in water. The blocks were imaged immediately adjacent to an end-matched control that was placed in malt extract agar petri dish assays for 9 weeks, but not exposed to the fungi so that the differences in the elemental distributions could be directly compared. The colonized wood and mycelia were rich in K, Ca, Mn, and Fe; however, the elements and the spatial distribution in the mycelia and wood differed across fungal species. The most interesting results were the maps showing the copper distribution. While three of the four fungi grew on the copper-rich region of the wood, only one species, Fibroporia radiculosa, dramatically reduced the copper concentration in the region of fungal growth.     

Synergism between potassium sorbate dips and brief exposure to high CO2 or O2 at curing temperature for the control of citrus postharvest green and blue molds

Synergistic effects and very effective control of citrus postharvest green and blue molds, caused by Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium italicum, respectively, were observed on artificially inoculated ‘Valencia’ oranges and ‘Clemenules’ and ‘Ortanique’ mandarins after a potassium sorbate (PS) treatment was followed by 2 days of storage in atmospheres of elevated CO₂ or O₂ at a curing temperature. A combined treatment consisting of 60-s dips in aqueous solutions of 3% PS heated to 62 °C was followed by 48-h exposure to air, 15 kPa CO₂ or 30 kPa O₂ at 33 °C. Control treatment was a 60-s water dip at 20 °C followed by 24-h exposure to air at 20 °C. Synergism was observed on citrus fruit either incubated at 20 °C for up to 22 days, simulating direct commercialization, or stored at 5 °C for up to 45 days, simulating commercial cold storage. This research offers potential new tools to the citrus industry for implementation of nonpolluting integrated postharvest disease management programs, especially devoted to high added value organic markets or export markets with zero residue tolerance.     

空间视角下数字乡村建设对农民农村共同富裕的影响研究

实现农民农村共同富裕是扎实推进全体人民共同富裕的关键所在,数字乡村建设对解决城乡收入差距、推动农民农村共同富裕具有重要意义。本研究基于2011－2021年中国30个省（区、市）的面板数据,运用空间杜宾模型和偏微分分解方法,深入分析了数字乡村建设对农民农村共同富裕的空间溢出效应的规模、范围和作用路径。结果表明：2011－2021年我国数字乡村建设水平和农民农村共同富裕水平总体上不断提升,但存在明显“东高中西低”的空间差异特征。农民农村共同富裕具有显著的空间集聚特征,主要表现为“高－高”和“低－低”两种集聚模式。数字乡村建设对农民农村共同富裕存在显著正向影响,且这一影响存在正向空间溢出效应。此外,数字乡村建设对农民农村共同富裕的影响存在区域异质性,东部地区的空间溢出效应强于中西部地区,且这种溢出效应存在衰减特征,其中,400 km和900 km分别为空间溢出效应密集区和溢出效应边界的半径距离。因此,在利用数字致富的过程中需要明晰农村经济发展阶段,着力解决好发展不平衡问题,因地制宜制定相应政策,破除地区间数字信息溢出壁垒。     

Allozyme Variation of Picea abies in Poland

The aim of this study was to determine the levels and patterns of allozyme variation among 29 populations of Norway spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst.] from Poland. Thirteen investigated isoenzyme systems were encoded by 27 gene loci and, on average, 71% of the loci per population were polymorphic. The average and effective numbers of alleles per locus were 2.17 and 1.26, respectively, while the expected heterozygosity was 0.156. A relatively low allozyme differentiation among populations from north-eastern and southern Poland was observed ( F ST = 0.028, mean genetic distance D = 0.005). The results suggest that historical events and extensive gene flow played an important role in the distribution of the observed allozyme differentiation of Norway spruce in Poland.     

紫云英带籽翻耕的氮肥促腐效应

[目的]为了解决紫云英带籽翻耕时草秆不易腐烂问题,同时研究与统传紫云英翻耕相比较对土壤培肥水稻增产的效果。[方法]以不施肥、施纯化肥为对照,对传统压绿(紫云英盛花期翻压45 000 kg/hm2)、带籽紫云英翻耕(草秆22 500 kg/hm2翻耕,15 d后加氮肥移栽)、带籽紫云英加氮肥混合翻耕(草秆22 500 kg/hm2加氮肥翻耕,15 d后移栽)利用方式进行试验。[结果]在施入总养分量相同的情况下,紫云英3种翻耕处理方式均可提高土壤有机质、速效养分含量,改善土壤生物学性质,提高土壤肥力水平,当年单季稻增产显著。与传统压绿相比,紫云英带籽翻耕增效1 350元/hm2。[结论]3种利用方式都起到培肥增产的作用,而将作基肥用的氮肥全部与带籽紫云英混在一起翻耕更能起到促腐培肥增产的功效。     

Global potential distribution of an invasive species,the yellow crazy ant (Anoplolepis gracilipes) under climate change

Changes to the Earth's climate may affect the distribution of countless species. Understanding the potential distribution of known invasive species under an altered climate is vital to predicting impacts and developing management policy. The present study employs ecological niche modeling to construct the global potential distribution range of the yellow crazy ant (Anoplolepis gracilipes) using past, current and future climate scenarios. Three modeling algorithms, GARP, BioClim and Environmental Distance, were used in a comparative analysis. Output from the models suggest firstly that this insect originated from south Asia, expanded into Europe and then into Afrotropical regions, after which it formed its current distribution. Second, the invasive risk of A. gracilipes under future climatic change scenarios will become greater because of an extension of suitable environmental conditions in higher latitudes. Third, when compared to the GARP model, BioClim and Environmental Distance models were better at modeling a species' ancestral distribution. These findings are discussed in light of the predictive accuracy of these models.     

Parametric distance weighting of landscape influence on streams

We present a parametric model for estimating the areas within watersheds whose land use best predicts indicators of stream ecological condition. We regress a stream response variable on the distance-weighted proportion of watershed area that has a specific land use, such as agriculture. Distance weighting functions model the declining influence of landscape elements as a function of their flowpath distances, first to the stream channel (to-stream distance), and then down the channel to the location at which stream condition was sampled (in-stream distance). Model parameters specify different distance scales over which to-stream and in-stream influences decline. As an example, we predict an index of biotic integrity (IBI) for the fish communities in 50 small streams of the Willamette Basin of Oregon, USA, from distance-weighted proportions of agricultural or urban land use in their watersheds. The weighting functions of best-fitting models (R ² = 0.57) represent landscape influence on IBI as extending upstream tens of kilometers along the stream channel network, while declining nearly to zero beyond a distance of 30 m from the channel. Our example shows how parametric distance weighting can identify the distance scales, and hence the approximate areas within watersheds, for which land use is most strongly associated with a stream response variable. In addition, distance-weighting parameters offer a simple and direct language for comparing the scales of landscape influence on streams across different land uses and stream ecosystem components.     

公路交通对水稻土壤微生物种群和数量的影响

[目的]探索农村公路交通污染对水稻土壤的影响程度。[方法]以距离公路10、50、200 m的盆栽水稻为研究对象,探讨公路交通污染对水稻土壤微生物种群和数量的影响。[结果]拔节期：在0～10 cm的土壤中,距离公路10和50 m的微生物数量明显少于距离公路200 m的。灌浆期：3个点的不同土层中土壤微生物数量明显高于拔节期,且在距离公路50 m的0～10 cm土层中微生物的数量对比拔节期明显上升。成熟期：0～10 cm土层中,相比灌浆期,距离公路10 m的微生物数量有所提升,距离公路50 m的有所下降;10～20 cm土层中,微生物数量比灌浆期有所上升。而在距离公路200 m的各个土层中的微生物数量受交通污染影响不明显。[结论]从土壤的不同深度来看,交通污染对土壤表层微生物生长有一定的抑制作用,且随着时间的延长,交通污染物逐渐向土壤深处迁移,开始对内层土壤微生物的生长产生影响;从离公路的不同距离来看,距离公路50、10、200 m的试验点受交通污染影响依次减小。     

不同促腐条件下玉米秸秆直接还田的生物学效应研究

通过2年田间定位试验,研究了冀东地区小麦玉米轮作制度下,不同促腐条件下玉米秸秆配施化肥直接还田的生物学效应。结果表明,秸秆配施化肥并调节其C/N条件下,施用促腐剂较未施用处理增产达显著水平,作物各生育期土壤微生物量、酶活性均表现出高于未施用处理的趋势。以土壤微生物量、酶活性及氮、磷动态变化综合评判,秋季玉米秸秆直接还田在施用氮磷钾化学肥料作基肥的基础上,调节秸秆C/N.15∶1～35∶1范围内,不同C/N未影响秸秆的转化进程;在调节秸秆C/N的前提下,施用促腐剂则促进了秸秆的快速腐解,使秸秆转化过程中氮素的净释放和磷素再次进入净释放的时间提前,利于作物生长发育和产量形成。     

木薯块根采后贮藏研究进展

木薯是三大薯类作物之一,是非洲和南美洲国家的主要口粮。由于其采后易腐烂(2～3 d)导致木薯块根的利用受到很大的限制。近年来,随着木薯生物技术研究的发展,块根采后生理的研究不断获得重大突破。对木薯块根采后贮藏的生理特性以及影响因素和主要机理进行综述,以期为木薯块根采后处理技术和木薯选育种提供参考。