落叶松林型对其针叶内几种防御蛋白活力和次生代谢物含量的影响

[目的]为明确落叶松林型对其化学防御能力的影响。[方法]本实验以长白落叶松纯林及长白落叶松-水曲柳4∶4、2∶10带状混交林为研究对象,分析不同林型下落叶松针叶内几种防御蛋白活力及次生代谢化合物含量的变化。[结果]表明:30年生(HJ30(4∶4))和20年生(HJ20(4∶4))落叶松与水曲柳4∶4带状混交林中,落叶松针叶内几种防御蛋白活力和次生代谢物含量均显著高于纯林(P0.05);在HJ20(4∶4)中,落叶松针叶中PPO、PAL、TI活力及黄酮和木质素含量最高,且PPO、PAL活性和木质素含量显著高于20年生(HJ20(2∶10))落叶松与水曲柳2∶10带状混交林(P0.05);在HJ20(2∶10)中,落叶松针叶内CI活性显著高于HJ20(4∶4)(P0.05),单宁含量也高于HJ20(4∶4),但差异不显著(P0.05)。[结论]试验发现,长白落叶松-水曲柳带状混交林成林显著增强落叶松针叶内防御蛋白活力、增加次生代谢物的含量,从而提高了长白落叶松自身抗虫性;且HJ20(4∶4)对落叶松的诱导防御能力强于HJ20(2∶10),HJ20(4∶4)混交方式比HJ20(2∶10)更适用于混交林营造。     

The influence of Tetranychus cinnabarinus-induced plant defense responses on Aphis gossypii development

Carmine spider mites(Tetranychus cinnabarinus) and cotton aphids(Aphis gossypii) are both serious pests of cotton,and cause reductions in yields of this key agricultural crop.In order to gain insights into how plant defense responses induced by one herbivore species affect the behavior and performance of another,we examined how infestation with T.cinnabarinus influences the development of A.gossypii using cotton as a model.In this study,we measured the activities of several important biochemical markers and secondary metabolites in the leaves of cotton seedlings responding to infestation by T.cinnabarinus.Furthermore,the influences of T.cinnabarinus infestation on the development of A.gossypii in cotton were also examined.Our data showed that the activities of several key defense enzymes,including phenylalanine ammonia-lyase(PAL),peroxidase(POD),lipoxygenase(LOX),and polyphenol oxidase(PPO),were substantially increased in cotton seedlings responding to spider mite infestation.Further,the contents of gossypol and condensed tannins,key defensive compounds,were significantly enhanced in leaves of cotton seedlings following T.cinnabarinus infestation.Moreover,the T.cinnabarinus-induced production of defense enzymes and secondary metabolites was correlated with infestation density.The developmental periods of A.gossypii on cotton seedling leaves infested with T.cinnabarinus at densities of 10 and 15 individuals cm–2 were 1.16 and 1.18 times that of control,respectively.Meanwhile,the mean relative growth rates of A.gossypii on cotton leaves infested with T.cinnabarinus at densities of 8,10 and 15 individuals cm–2 were significantly reduced.Therefore,these data suggested that the developmental periods of A.gossypii were significantly lengthened and the mean relative growth rates were markedly reduced when cotton aphids were reared on plants infested with high densities of spider mites.This research sheds light on the role that inducible defense responses played in plant-mediated interspecific interactions between T.cinnabarinus and A.gossypii.     

棉花品种黄萎病抗性与免疫反应的关系

棉花黄萎病是由大丽轮枝菌引起的土传真菌病害,不同棉花品种对黄萎病的抗性不同。为了比较不同棉花品种对黄萎病菌的免疫反应程度与抗黄萎病水平间的关系,利用4×106CFU·m L~(-1)的大丽轮枝菌孢子悬浮液处理6个不同棉花品种的根系,进行抗病性评价。结果表明,接种大丽轮枝菌后,棉花植株的根、下胚轴、叶等器官中大丽轮枝菌的生物量随品种抗病性的增强而减少,根部木质素、叶片胼胝质含量随抗病性的增强而增多,L-苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的升高幅度随抗病性的增强而增大。由此可见,大丽轮枝菌侵染棉花后,植株的免疫反应程度越强其抗病性越强。本研究结果为棉花与黄萎病菌互作机制的进一步研究提供了理论依据。     

壳寡糖对烟草防御酶活性及同工酶酶谱的影响

以黄苗榆烟草为试材，摩擦接种法接种烟草花叶病毒，比色法测定了几种防御酶活性，研究壳聚糖对烟草-烟草花叶病毒这一互作系统激发产生的一系列抗病生化反应的可能性。试验结果初步表明：壳聚糖处理可导致烟草叶片PO、CAT、PPO、PAL和β-1，3葡聚糖酶活性不同程度地提高。PO同工酶酶谱分析得知喷药后接毒处理可看到7条酶带且谱带色浓，酶活性强，由此初步认为壳寡糖诱导抗病毒机制与提高PO活性及其增多同工酶酶谱的酶带有关；分析SOD、CAT和PPO三种酶似乎与壳寡糖诱导抗病毒机制相关不大或无相关性，单因素的喷药和接毒多可导致几种防御酶活性的提高，尤其是PAL和β-1，3葡聚糖酶活性提高明显，但喷药后接毒的酶活变化及升高幅度似乎与两单因素的加权效应无关。     

番茄细菌性斑点病菌无毒基因研究进展

番茄细菌性斑点病是影响番茄产量和品质的重要病害,Pseudomonas syringaepv.tomato(Pst)为其病原菌,其与番茄的互作系统是研究植物抗感病机理的典型模式系统。Pst存在2种无毒基因:avrPto和avrPtoB,它们编码的蛋白质均能与番茄抗性基因Pto编码的Ser-Thr蛋白激酶互作,符合Flor"基因对基因"学说。AvrPto和AvrPtoB在表达Pto的抗性植物中,与Pto互作,表现无毒功能,引发植物防御反应;而在缺失Pto的感病植物中,它们具有毒性,促进细菌的生长。本文综述了番茄细菌性斑点病菌无毒基因avrPto及avrPtoB的结构特点及其功能,这有助于了解病原物与植物的互作机制,对认识植物的感病性、抗病性以及植物防御反应都具有重要意义。     

植食性昆虫唾液调控昆虫-植物互作的研究进展

在与寄主植物长期共同进化的过程中,为了更好地适应和利用寄主,植食性昆虫进化出了多种取食方式。同时,为了应对植食性昆虫的取食,植物进化出了多种防御策略,包括直接防御和间接防御。在整个昆虫-植物互作过程中,昆虫唾液起着重要作用。一方面,昆虫唾液中一些组分可以被植物识别并诱导植物防御反应;另一方面,昆虫通过分泌唾液到植物中调控寄主防御反应。该文从昆虫-植物互作的角度出发介绍植食性昆虫唾液的成分与功能,着重对昆虫唾液激发子和效应子的研究进展进行了综述,并对未来唾液的研究及其在害虫防治中的应用进行展望。     

APPLICATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF ‘GREEN’ PREVENTIVE AND CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES IN GUIZHOU TEA PLANTATIONS

● Application of plant defense inducers against tea diseases. ● Application of natural enemies against insect pests. ● Application of Trifolium repens against weeds. The application and development of ‘green’ preventive technologies in tea plantations is an important means of ensuring tea quality and ecological safety. Ecological, agronomic and biological controls are the main preventive measures used in Guizhou Province. This paper summarizes the ‘green’ preventive technologies being applied in Guizhou tea plantations, including the use of plant defense inducers to regulate tea plant responses to pathogens, natural enemies to control pest species causing damage to shoots and Trifolium repens to control the main weed species. In addition, it summarizes the integrated ‘green’ preventive technologies being used in Guizhou and provides a foundation for the ecological maintenance of tea plantations.     

城市绿地与城市防灾减灾建设的探讨

城市绿地在城市防灾减灾中占有十分重要的位置.文章介绍了城市绿地与城市防灾的定义及其功能,分析了当前我国城市绿地与城市防灾减灾建设的现状与差距,探讨了城市绿地与城市防灾减灾建设思路与对策.     

认罪认罚从宽制度中量刑协商问题研究

量刑协商机制的构建是确保认罪认罚从宽制度平判息讼、繁简分流目标实现的基础和前提。当前，由于控诉机关职权理念尚未转变、量刑协商相关规范性文件缺失以及认罪认罚案件中辩护效果不佳等原因，实践中认罪认罚案件普遍存在部分检察机关权力运用不当、对被追诉人权利保障不充分、法官案件审理趋于形式化等问题。对此，一方面应从根本上确立控辩平等协商理念，从制度上构建精细化的量刑协商程序，以保证协商机制实效性的发挥。另一方面，还需完善有效辩护制度以及配套的软硬件设施，为量刑协商机制的规范和高效运行保驾护航。