Induction of Defense Gene Expression and the Resistance of Date Palm to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Albedinis in Response to Alginate Extracted from Bifurcaria bifurcata

In many African countries, the Bayoud is a common disease spread involving the fungus Fusarium oxusporum f. sp. albedinis (Foa). The induction of plant natural defenses through the use of seaweed polysaccharides to help plants against pathogens is currently a biological and ecological approach that is gaining more and more importance. In the present study, we used alginate, a natural polysaccharide extracted from a brown algae Bifurcaria bifurcata, to activate date palm defenses, which involve phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), a key enzyme of phenylpropanoid metabolism. The results obtained showed that at low concentration (1 g·L⁻¹), alginate stimulated PAL activity in date palm roots 5 times more compared to the negative control (water-treated) after 24 h following treatment and 2.5 times more compared to the laminarin used as a positive stimulator of plant natural defenses (positive control of induction). Using qRT-PCR, the expression of a selection of genes involved in three different levels of defense mechanisms known to be involved in response to biotic stresses were investigated. The results showed that, generally, the PAL gene tested and the genes encoding enzymes involved in early oxidative events (SOD and LOX) were overexpressed in the alginate-treated plants compared to their levels in the positive and negative controls. POD and PR protein genes selected encoding β-(1,3)-glucanases and chitinases in this study did not show any significant difference between treatments; suggesting that other genes encoding POD and PR proteins that were not selected may be involved. After 17 weeks following the inoculation of the plants with the pathogen Foa, treatment with alginate reduced the mortality rate by up to 80% compared to the rate in control plants (non-elicited) and plants pretreated with laminarin, which agrees with the induction of defense gene expression and the stimulation of natural defenses in date palm with alginate after 24 h. These results open promising prospects for the use of alginate in agriculture as an inducer that triggers immunity of plants against telluric pathogens in general and of date palm against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis in particular.     

老芒麦种子染色体端粒及抗氧化防御系统对自然老化的响应

为探讨老芒麦种子响应自然老化的抗氧化作用机制和细胞染色体端粒酶活性变化规律,本试验以‘青牧1号’老芒麦(Elymus sibiricus L.‘Qingmu No.1’)种子为试验材料,研究常温贮藏1,2,4,5和6年后,老芒麦种子活力、生理生化代谢产物、抗氧化酶活性以及端粒酶活性的变化规律。结果表明：随着贮藏时间增加,老芒麦种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、芽长和活力指数均逐渐降低,端粒酶活性显著升高(P<0.05),葡萄糖含量和浸出液电导率明显上升;贮藏初期,超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase, SOD),过氧化物酶(Peroxidase, POD)和过氧化氢酶(Catalase, CAT)活性缓慢降低,贮藏2年以后,上述指标活性急剧下降,从而加快了老芒麦种子的老化进程。老芒麦种子在自然贮藏过程中抗氧化酶活性的降低造成活性氧不能及时清除,导致细胞膜脂过氧化,膜通透性增加,继而影响了种子的萌芽以及幼苗的生长。     

Fluorescence localization of epidermal cathepsins L and B in the Japanese eel

Histochemical localization of proteolytic activities in the dorsal epidermis of Japanese eel was demonstrated by fluorescent microscopy utilizing 4-methoxy-2-naphthylamide (4M$\beta$NA) derivatives as substrates and 5-nitrosalicylaldehyde as a trapping agent. Carbobenzoxy-L-phenylalanyl-L-arginyl-4M$\beta$NA (Cbz-Phe-Arg-4M$\beta$NA) and Cbz-Arg-Arg-4M$\beta$NA were used for direct detection of cathepsins L and B activities, respectively, in fresh frozen sections and unfixed cells of the eel epidermis. The fluorescing areas, where Cbz-Phe-Arg-4M$\beta$NA was hydrolyzed by cathepsin L, were shown in mucus secretory cells and club cells and broadly around skin surface. The fluorescing areas due to Cbz-Arg-Arg-4M$\beta$NA hydrolysis by cathepsin B were localized similarly in these tissues. The fluorescing intensity for both catheptic activities in mucus secretory cells was higher than that in club cells, where small fluorescing granules were distributed. These results indicate that eel cathepsins L and B are stored in epidermal secretory cells at different levels and probably serve as defense factors before or after secretion by these cells. Abbreviations: Cbz – carbobenzoxy; 4M$\beta$NA – 4-methoxy-2-naphthylamide; NSA – 5-nitrosalicylaldehyde.     

国防教育对高校新生的心理适应性的作用

为探究高校国防教育对大学新生心理适应性的作用,笔者用自编的经过信效度检验的测量问卷,对某高校部分新生进行测试,并用SPSS软件进行结果分析。分析结果表明,国防教育对提升新生入学后的心理适应性有显著作用。     

泗水桃树生长期间的气象灾害分析与防御措施

泗水桃树生长发育历时萌芽期、开花期、果实膨大期、果实成熟期四个重要的物候期,经历春、夏、秋三个季节,期间也恰是各种气象灾害的频发期。根据泗水县1970～2010年气象资料,分析了不同气象要素对桃树各个生长期的影响,以及不同气象灾害对桃树危害。有针对性地提出了预防气象灾害的措施。     

望江县易灾区种植业结构调整实例及其启示

望江县是一个以生产棉粮油为主的农业大县。近 10年来 ,夏季大小洪涝灾害平均 2年一遇 ,农业生产损失巨大 ,加之近年大宗农产品收购价格下调 ,种植传统的棉粮油作物效益下降。沿江棉区新农村针对农业生产面临的突出问题 ,调整种植结构 :棉地实行间作套种 ;压缩棉花面积 ,扩种玉米、豆类、蔬菜 ,科学安排茬口 ,规避夏季水灾 ;改低洼棉地种植莲藕 ,能有效地抗灾避灾增效。根据新农村的实践 ,笔者认为 :望江洲圩易灾区种植业结构调整 ,一要因地制宜 ,合理布局 ,科学安排茬口 ,以抗灾避灾 ;二要扩大特色作物种植面积 ;三要依靠科技提高效益 ;四要提供新型优质服务     

Induction of hypericins and hyperforin in Hypericum perforatum L. in response to biotic and chemical elicitors

Hypericum perforatum L. produces hyperforins, a family of antimicrobial acylphloroglucinols; and hypericins, a family of phototoxic anthraquinones exhibiting anti-microbial, anti-viral, and anti-herbivore properties in vitro. To determine whether these secondary metabolites are part of the specific plant defense systems that are mediated by methyl jasmonate or salicylic acid, we used meristem cultures to assess the effects of exposure to exogenous application of these chemical elicitors. Levels of hypericins in plant tissue increased in response to both elicitor treatments; total hypericin levels increased as much as 3.3 times control levels when treated with 200 μ methyl jasmonate for 14 days. Increased hyperforin concentrations were detected when plantlets were treated with 1 m salicylic acid or 50 μ methyl jasmonate. For assessing responses to a biotic elicitor, greenhouse-grown plant materials were inoculated with the plant pathogen, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Levels of hypericins increased twice as much as the control when inoculated with 1 × 10⁴ spores per ml; higher doses of spores overwhelmed the plant defenses. The elevation of hypericins and hyperforin in response to chemical and biotic elicitors suggests that these secondary metabolites are components in the inducible plant defense responses of H. perforatum.     

Responses of Components of Antioxidant System in Moongbean Genotypes to Cadmium Stress

Four genotypes (Pusa 9531, Pusa 9072, Pusa Vishal, PS‐16) of moongbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] grown in earthen pots were treated with cadmium at 0, 25, 50, and 100 mg kg^?1 soil. Cadmium tolerance (CdT), the ability of a plant to maintain growth at high levels of cadmium (Cd), was calculated as the ratio of dry‐matter production in the untreated and the Cd‐treated soils. The moongbean genotypes showed a differential response to Cd concentrations; Pusa 9531 was identified as Cd tolerant, whereas PS 16 was Cd susceptible. To find out the physiological basis of these differences, we investigated the possible role of antioxidant (enzymatic and nonenzymatic) defense systems. Activities of superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1), catalase (EC 1.11.1.6), ascorbate peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.11), and glutathione reductase (EC 1.6.4.2) and the amounts of ascorbate and glutathione were monitored in the Cd‐tolerant and Cd‐sensitive moongbean genotypes. The results revealed the presence of a strong antioxidant defense system in the Cd‐tolerant genotype (Pusa 9531) for providing adequate protection against oxidative stress caused by Cd.     

西方新教传教士与晚清山东赈灾述论

西方新教传教士自1860年来山东传教后，面对近代山东灾荒频发的局面，在基督教博爱精神与普世主义指引下，积极投身于山东灾荒救济。特别是在“丁戊奇荒”与1889年山东灾荒期间，李提摩太、倪维思、狄考文等众多传教士相互合作，不辞辛劳，到处募集捐款，分头赈灾，发放赈银救助了大量灾民，并提出了许多预防灾荒的建议。尽管传教士赈灾存在传播上帝福音，吸引灾民入教的目的，也有救助地域的局限，但他们的这些活动对拯救濒于死亡边缘的灾民、促进中国赈灾机制近代化转型与中国早期现代化，仍有值得肯定之处。     

2种抗光肩星天牛杨树树皮和木质部生化物质分析

以新疆杨和沙林杨为对象,检测其在未受害和受害状态下树皮和木质部的生化物质含量或活性,从生化角度探讨2树种的抗虫机制。结果表明,未受害新疆杨树皮糖含量最高,受害沙林杨木质部糖含量最低;蛋白含量在受害新疆杨木质部最高,在未受害沙林杨木质部最低。在未受害情况下,沙林杨树皮中槲皮苷和白杨甙含量均高于在新疆杨树皮中的含量,而亚麻木酚素和类黄酮含量均低于在新疆杨树皮中的含量;沙林杨木质部的总酚含量高于在新疆杨木质部的含量。受害后,除单宁和类黄酮外,其他次生代谢物在沙林杨树皮中的含量均显著低于新疆杨树皮中的含量;沙林杨木质部的毛蕊花糖苷含量显著高于新疆杨木质部,白杨甙和总酚苷则相反。防御酶类测定结果显示,未受害沙林杨树皮中的SOD酶活性低于新疆杨中的活性,而PPO酶相反。受害后,沙林杨树皮中的PAL和木质部的PPO酶活性分别显著低于在新疆杨树皮和木质部中的活性;沙林杨树皮中的SOD活性显著低于其在木质部的活性;POD酶在沙林杨受害树皮中的活性最高,在受害木质部中的活性也显著高于在未受害木质部中的活性。因此,沙林杨树皮和木质部中的POD和SOD酶与防御天牛危害有关,新疆杨受害木质部中的PAL和PPO酶升高与光肩星天牛的钻蛀有关。