江苏设施菜地控释氮肥一次性基施增效减排效果研究

江苏设施蔬菜集约化程度高,劳动力需求大,氮肥用量大,面源污染问题突出。控释氮肥在该地区集约化蔬菜上应用后的减量、增效和减排潜力尚缺乏研究。本研究通过连续三季田间试验,设置4个施肥处理:常规施尿素氮100%N(N1)、常规施尿素氮70%N(N2)、基肥一次性施氮70%N(N3,控释氮与尿素氮的比例为7∶3)、基肥和一次追肥70%N(N4,基肥氮为控释氮,追肥氮全部为尿素氮,控释氮与尿素氮的比例为7∶3),研究其对集约化花椰菜和番茄产量、环境效应和经济效益的影响。结果表明:与N1、N2和N4相比,N3处理的产量和利润每季均为最高,花椰菜和番茄平均产量分别达到86.4 t·hm~(-2)和87.0 t·hm~(-2),利润分别达到12.0万元·hm~(-2)和12.2万元·hm~(-2),氨挥发量最低,仅为4.4 kg N·hm~(-2)和9.3 kg N·hm~(-2),三季蔬菜种植后土壤中硝态氮的残留量最低。与N1处理相比,N3处理可使花椰菜和番茄分别平均增产3.7%和21.3%,分别增收10.7%和40.3%,并分别平均减少64.0%和46.9%氨挥发。基于此,在江苏设施蔬菜种植上,与常规(N1)相比,控释氮肥与尿素7∶3混合一次性基施,可减氮30%且增效减排效果显著,值得在生产上推广应用。     

不同播期、收获期和储存期对优质长粒籼稻整精米率的影响

整精米率是影响优质长粒籼稻发展的重要因素之一.为明确长江中下游稻区优质长粒籼稻适宜的播期、收获期和储存期,以3个长粒优质常规籼稻为材料,探讨了不同播期(5月10日、5月20日、5月25日、5月30日)、收获期(90％谷粒成熟、完全成熟、完全成熟后6d)、储存期(10 d、40 d、60 d)对水稻整精米率的影响.结果 ...     

不同种类蔬菜幼苗对铅的敏感性研究

采用水培方法,探讨了小白菜（叶菜类）、黄瓜、豇豆（瓜果类）和萝卜（根茎类）幼苗对重金属Pb的吸收累积量大小及Pb对其幼苗生长发育的影响。结果表明,蔬菜幼苗根和茎叶累积Pb量均随Pb处理浓度的增加而显著增加（P〈0.05）,且同一处理浓度下根中Pb含量远高于茎叶中Pb含量。蔬菜苗期根对Pb的敏感性排序为黄瓜〉小白菜〉萝卜〉豇豆,茎叶为小白菜〉萝卜〉黄瓜〉豇豆。低浓度的Pb对叶绿素的合成有一定程度的刺激作用,随Pb浓度增加,叶片中叶绿素含量降低。小白菜过氧化氢酶（CAT）含量随着Pb浓度的增大先增大后缓慢降低,其他3种蔬菜则表现为先减小后增大的趋势。此外,黄瓜和豇豆出芽率显著降低,4种蔬菜幼苗根长均明显受到抑制。     

安徽省典型城市周边土壤-蔬菜中PAHs的污染特征

研究了安徽省合肥、芜湖和亳州市周边蔬菜地土壤和蔬菜中PAHs的含量及其污染特征。结果表明：安徽省典型蔬菜地土壤中15种PAHs（除萘外）的残留总量在58.2～437.8μg·kg-1之间,三环和四环PAHs占PAHs残留总量的70%以上。胡萝卜、菠菜和茄子体内15种PAHs的含量在23.4～209.1μg·kg-1之间,均值为120.7μg·kg-1,三环和四环PAHs占蔬菜中PAHs富集总量的92.8%～94.4%。不同蔬菜体内8种可疑性致癌PAHs的含量在11.5～17.4μg·kg-1之间,分别占蔬菜中PAHs残留总量的9.80%～13.8%,其中BaP含量在1.69～2.03μg·kg-1之间,低于国家对食品中污染物（BaP）的限量标准（5μg·kg-1）。不同类型PAHs在蔬菜体内的富集系数在0.10～9.20之间,极差达10倍以上,低分子量PAHs在蔬菜体内的富集系数要大于高分子量PAHs。不同PAHs在蔬菜体内的富集系数表现为胡萝卜〉菠菜〉茄子,其中芴在蔬菜体内的富集系数最高。     

强制夹持式玉米精量排种器的设计

新疆玉米种植采用地膜覆盖,膜下滴灌,膜上点播的栽培技术,针对玉米膜上精量点播的技术要求,根据强制夹持原理,提出一种新型的机械强制夹持玉米精量排种的方法,通过对3种玉米种子的物理力学特性进行测定,以及对取种、投种过程进行深入的理论分析,建立数学模型,为排种器的结构设计提供依据.在JPS-12计算机视觉技术排种器试验台上对试制排种器进行台架试验,验证了强制夹持式排种器在对玉米形状为小圆、小扁具有良好的适应性,当工作速度3.5 km/h时,单粒率＞85％,满足玉米精量播种要求.     

Effects of seedbed properties on crop emergence: 3. Effects of firming of seedbeds with various sowing depths and water contents

Abstract

Extensive experiments were carried out in shallow plastic boxes placed directly on the ground in the field to study the effects of seedbed properties on the emergence of various crops in a cool temperate climate. In a group of experiments with barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), we studied the effects on crop emergence of firming (slight compaction) of the seedbed, simulating the recompacting effects of rolling after sowing or press wheels on the seed coulters. Most of the experiments were carried out without irrigation after sowing. The firming usually had a slightly positive effect on emergence when the water content in the surface layer at sowing was below the wilting point. When the water content in the surface layer was higher, firming often reduced emergence drastically, particularly with deep sowing and in coarse-textured soils. The main reason for negative effects was harmful hardening of the surface layer when the more firm seedbed gradually dried out. When irrigation kept the seedbed continuously moist, the negative effect of firming was almost eliminated. Very high initial water content in the basal layer tended to delay surface layer drying and hardening, and to reduce the negative effect of firming. Firming only slightly influenced the evaporative water losses from the soil. In contrast to the results presented here, previous field trials with cereals have usually resulted in more positive effects of rolling after sowing. This indicates that other effects than firming, such as modification of sowing depth and reshaping of the soil surface, are other important effects of rolling.     

Ammonium nitrogen in soil solution and seed nitrogen affect the percentage of establishment of rice plants in submerged soil

The effect of ammonium nitrogen concentration in soil solution on the establishment of rice plants was examined. The increase of the concentration decreased the percentage of establishment of seeds sown in submerged soil, although most of seeds sown on submerged soil became established. Therefore, the increase of ammonium nitrogen concentration in soil solution may impair the establishment of seeds sown in submerged soil, which would occur presumably because the increase delays the spear growth and emergence without the decline of soil redox potential. Several seed lots with various nitrogen contents were obtained from rice plants grown under various conditions. The percentage of establishment of low-nitrogen seeds sown in submerged soil was much lower than that of high-nitrogen seeds, especially in soils whose solution contained a large amount of ammonium nitrogen. However, the difference in the percentage of establishment between high- and low-nitrogen seeds sown on submerged soil was much smaller. Therefore, the increase of seed nitrogen content may improve the percentage of establishment of seeds sown in submerged soil, presumably because the increase accelerates the spear growth and emergence. Consequently, for direct sowing in submerged soil, ammonium nitrogen concentration in soil solution should remain low because ammonium nitrogen exerts an adverse effect on seedling establishment, and vigorous seeds with a high nitrogen content should be sown because seed nitrogen exerts a beneficial effect on seedling establishment.     

山东省水稻免耕旱直播试验及可行性分析

为探究水稻免耕旱直播在山东省的适应性,使用2BDMM-8稻麦宽苗带灭茬播种机,在涛雒稻麦轮作两熟区和高青春季稻一熟区分别进行了免耕旱直播试验,以机械育苗插秧为对照,分析免耕旱直播对水稻株高、分蘖情况的影响,对不同种植方式下的水稻产量及产量构成因素、生产成本等进行统计分析。结果表明:水稻免耕旱直播与机械育苗插秧相比,生育期短,生长速度快,株高无显著差异;分蘖率分别为57%和58%,比插秧对照低6.5%和10.4%;产量分别为8 970和10 020 kg/hm2,与插秧对照无显著差异(P0.05),验证了水稻免耕旱直播在山东常规稻种植区基本可行。通过成本比较,免耕旱直播成本比插秧对照分别节约2 472和3 312元/hm2,说明免耕旱直播在山东地区有很好的推广前景。该研究为山东常规稻种植区免耕旱直播提供了参考。     

果蔬保鲜膜与自发气调包装

在简述果蔬自发气调保鲜基本原理的基础上,介绍了常见保鲜膜及其各种性能与作用。重点分析了果蔬保鲜袋内的气体平衡规律,在此基础上提出果蔬自发气调包装设计的基本内容和方法,指出了自发气调保鲜的局限性,并分析了今后的发展趋势。     

内窝孔式棉花精量穴播轮的试验

目前,新疆棉花种植广泛采用半精量穴播轮,其原理是勺式取种,存在下种量大、重播率高、下种不均匀、后续工作量大等缺陷,已不适应当前棉花产业发展要求。气吸式精量穴播轮可实现一穴一粒,准确率高,但气吸式棉花穴播机结构复杂、造价高,对机具维护、使用者技能以及整地有较高要求。另外,作业时拖拉机须保持高速运转,能源消耗大,因而限制了气吸式精量穴播轮的普及和推广。为此,将内窝孔取种原理应用于棉花精量取种,介绍了内窝孔式穴播轮的结构和工作过程,并进行了排种试验和分析。由试验得知,内窝孔式取种原理可用于新疆棉花的精量取种。