Allometric and ontogenetic patterns related to feeding of a neotropical fish, Satanoperca pappaterra (Perciformes, Cichlidae)

Abstract –  This study aims to analyse whether Satanoperca pappaterra changes its feeding habit throughout ontogenetic development, and whether morphological ontogenetic patterns are related to its feeding habit and food capture. We collected 258 individuals in the Cuiabá river basin (Brazil) for analyses. There was a weak relationship between diet and body size, as evidenced by size class and multivariate analyses, and niche breadth did not vary strongly during ontogenetic development. Eight morphometric variables were measured in each individual. We found an isometric relationship for mouth height and width, and for head length. We found positive allometry for snout length and body height in relation to body length, whereas this relationship for intestine length and eye diameter showed negative allometry. These results suggest that morphology and consequently diet vary weakly during ontogenetic development of S. pappaterra .     

沈阳市河流生态建设项目实施建议

近年来,因干旱少雨等自然灾害影响及人类生产活动对环境的破坏,致使一些中小河流生态功能遭到不同程度的破坏。结合沈阳市近年来河流生态建设的实施情况,从工程措施和生物措施两方面详细介绍了针对不同河流状况的生态建设措施,对今后类似工程建设提供借鉴。     

Dispersal of woody plants in forest edges and hedgerows in a Southern Swedish agricultural area: the role of site and landscape structure

The distribution of woody vegetation was studied in forest edges and hedgerows in a 28 km² southern Swedish agricultural area, characterised by species-rich edge zones. The occurrence of 21 selected woody species (taxa) was related to differences in both edge structure and landscape structure. All the species studied were represented in both edge types, but a higher frequency of animal-dispersed species was found in hedgerows.Animal dispersed species were more affected by edge width and density than wind dispersed species. A higher number of wind-dispersed species were more frequent in forest edges, in hedgerows near to forest, or with a high proportion of forest within 500 m. A clear relationship was found between the number of physically connected elements in hedgerow networks and increasing frequency of occurrence for Corylus avellana, Crataegus spp., Euonymus europaeus, and Quercus robur; which indicate the ecological significance of connectedness for certain animal dispersed species. The study supports the general principle that woody species distribution and landscape structure are linked in a positive feedback loop. The results match findings from studies in other countries and are interpreted in the context of landscape processes and the ecological characteristics of woody plant species. We emphasise the importance of understanding dispersal mechanisms of woody species for the design and improvement of edge habitats in agricultural landscapes.     

我国生态农村建设之探索

从农村的生态环境、基础条件和农民意识等方面,探讨了农村生态环境存在的问题,指出了加快农村生态建设的重要性,提出了加强乡镇企业环境综合整治、完善体制机制建设、发展生态农业、开展生态文明教育等措施。针对我国农村生态建设的现状和特点,探索出一种适合我国农村实际情况的可持续发展模式,即以经济发展为基础,以科技应用为支点,以政府干预为手段,以制度创新为引向,以法制完善为保障,以意识提高为导向的生态农村建设。     

烤烟幼苗根系在低温胁迫后的形态及生理生态响应

根系作为重要的吸收器官和代谢器官,其生长状况不仅直接控制着植物吸收水分和养分,而且制约着植株地上部分生长的好坏。温度是影响烤烟幼苗根系发育的重要因素之一。南方多数烟区育苗阶段早春低温严重,影响着健壮烟苗的培育。为此,选用云烟87(YY87)、Msk326(K326)和云烟85(YY85)等3个品种烤烟幼苗,在5～7℃条件下分别处理2,4及6d,研究烤烟幼苗根系在低温胁迫后的形态及生理生态响应。结果表明:YY87低温胁迫处理不同时间后,SOD,POD,CAT酶活性均有不同程度上升;K326在处理2 d及4 d后,3种酶活力均较对照明显下降;而YY85的SOD酶活性上升,CAT和POD活性则表现下降。就根系活力而言,YY87在不同低温处理时间均表现为上升;而K326及YY85则表现为短时间(2d)低温胁迫根系活力受到抑制,随着处理时间延长,其根系活力又逐渐增强。低温处理2d后,YY87根平均直径、根表面积和根体积显著下降,但随着胁迫时间延长则恢复正常;K326则在低温处理2d后根直径、根长、根表面积和根体积均达到最大,其后逐渐降低;YY85则表现根表面积和体积均有不同程度下降。由此表明,不同品种幼苗根系受到低温胁迫后其根系形态及生理生态指标存在着不同的响应机制。     

生态护坡在城市河道防护中的应用

在简述生态护坡的内涵、特征及国内外研究应用现状的基础上,分析传统护坡对自然及人类生活环境产生的不良影响,从稳定性、生态性、技术性和护坡栽种植物选择等方面,探讨设计生态护坡的原则和要点,展望此技术今后的发展方向。     

基于FPGA的数字下变频设计与实现

数字下变频是全数字解调器中的关键技术之一,其性能好坏直接决定解调器的工作性能。给出一种基于FPGA的数字下变频设计,详细介绍正交变换、CIC抽取滤波及根升余弦滚降FIR低通滤波器的原理设计,并可编程设置各个模块参数。自动生成及动态配置滤波器系数。该设计在Xilinx公司XC3S4000 FPGA芯片的硬件平台和ISE9．2开发环境下,采用Verilog语言编程实现,经过实际通信系统验证,在全数字解调器中很好地完成了多载波、多速率信号的数字下变频处理功能,具有很强的灵活性、稳定性和可扩展性。     

滴灌模式和保水剂对小粒咖啡生长调控及节水效应

为了探讨热带特色经济作物云南小粒咖啡的节水高效生产模式,通过3种滴灌模式(常规滴灌、交替滴灌和固定滴灌)和2个保水剂水平(有保和无保)的完全组合试验,研究灌水方式和保水剂对小粒咖啡生理生态、生物量积累及水分利用效率的影响.结果表明:与常规滴灌相比,交替滴灌和固定滴灌的叶绿素、脯氨酸、丙二醛、可溶性糖含量均大幅提高;交替滴灌的根系活力显著提高,而固定滴灌的根系活力减小.交替滴灌能使小粒咖啡减少耗水量32.07%,提高水分利用效率29.87%.施用保水剂的叶片脯氨酸、丙二醛、可溶性糖含量减小,而生物量积累和水分利用效率分别增大24.81%和33.03%.与常规滴灌不加保水剂相比,交替滴灌配施保水剂能显著提高小粒咖啡叶绿素、根系活力和可溶性糖含量,而减少丙二醛和脯氨酸累积,同时增加总生物量13.80%,提高水分利用效率73.41%.因此,交替灌溉配施保水剂是一种小粒咖啡适宜的节水综合调控措施.     

基于Matlab/GUI的汽油机缸内直接喷雾图像处理方法

设计了基于Matlab/GUI的汽油机缸内直接喷雾图像实时处理程序,实现了图像处理的可视化操作。由于汽油挥发性较强,使得汽油机缸内直接喷雾图像相对柴油喷雾图像而言,雾形边界相对模糊,且喷雾图像信噪比较差。为准确提取汽油机缸内直接喷雾研究中所需的喷雾贯穿距、喷雾锥角、周长以及面积等参数,需要在图像处理过程中精确地提取喷雾边界,为此进行了精确的噪声滤波、边缘检测、形态学优化等图像处理。在确定雾形边界后,进一步编写程序计算出喷雾贯穿距、喷雾锥角、喷射速度等参数,实现了喷雾特性参数的实时测量。     

半干旱黄土区沙棘的水分生理生态与形态解剖学特性研究

1986～1997年在半干旱黄土区的陕西吴旗、安塞县和宁夏固原县,对沙棘进行了蒸腾、净初级生产量、土壤水分等生理生态和形态解剖学特性研究。试验结果表明:沙棘每生产lg地上干物质,总耗水量为711～829g,其中蒸腾耗水量为551～654g,该地区荒山植被生产lg地上干物质蒸腾耗水量为343～709g,总耗水量却达2540～4501g。水分利用效率为1.21～1.53g/（m²·mm）,是荒山植被的3.1～6.4倍。沙棘水分利用效率较高,水分生产潜力较大。观察沙棘叶、根具有耐大气干旱、耐高温和水湿的形态解剖学特性,说明沙棘有较强的生态适应性。因而在半干旱黄土区的荒山、荒沟,营造沙棘林,能有效利用水土资源,这是快速治理荒山,提高土地生产力的有效途径之一。