长江上游原生动物的群落生态学研究

于2003～2007年采集了长江上游通天河至三峡水库的原生动物样品,对长江上游地区原生动物的分布情况作了较全面的调查.该调查共设93个采样站点,其中通天河-重庆在长江干流设38个采样站,支流设22个采样站,三峡库区设33个采样点,每年丰水期和平水期各采集1次.调查结果表明,长江上游共检出309种原生动物,隶属于60科106属,其中通天河至金沙江段检出140种,水富-重庆江段检出90种,三峡水库检出245种.金沙江段优势种为砂壳虫、匣壳虫、表壳虫和圆壳虫;水富-重庆段优势种为砂壳虫、匣壳虫及巢居法帽虫;三峡库区种类较为丰富,除了砂壳虫科和表壳科依然占据优势外,简壳虫、变形虫、领鞭虫、吸管虫和钟虫也逐渐增多,成为一些区域的优势种.三峡水库检出的原生动物种类多于上游河流段,其中有125种只在三峡库区检出.与1990年三峡地区原生动物资料相比.库区的群落结构发生了明显变化.随着水库水文情势的变化,原生动物种类组成也由以有壳肉足虫为主的河流型逐渐转变为以纤毛虫占优势的静水型种类.     

Multi-scale use of lands providing anthropogenic resources by American Crows in an urbanizing landscape

The conversion of forests and farmlands to human settlements has negative impacts on many native species, but also provides resources that some species are able to exploit. American Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos), one such exploiter, create concern due to their impact as nest predators, disease hosts, and cultural harbingers of evil. We used various measures of crow abundance and resource use to determine crows’ response to features of anthropogenic landscapes in the Puget Sound region of the United States. We examined land cover and land use composition at three spatial scales: study sites (up to 208 ha), crow home ranges within sites (18.1 ha), and local land cover (400 m²). At the study site and within-site scales crow abundance was strongly correlated with land cover providing anthropogenic resources. In particular, crows were associated with the amount of ‘maintained forest’ cover, and were more likely to use grass and shrub cover than forest or bare soil cover. Although crows did not show a generalized response to an edge variable, they exhibited greater use of patchy habitat created by human settlements than of native forests. Radio-tagged territorial adults used resources within their home ranges relatively evenly, suggesting resource selection had occurred at a larger spatial scale. The land conversion pattern of new suburban and exurban settlements creates the mix of impervious surfaces and maintained vegetation that crows use, and in our study area crow populations are expected to continue to increase. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

数字化人体模型在车身逆向布置中的应用

以人体参数为依据建立的数字化人体模型能有效的描述人体的形态特性.本文在CATIA人机工程模块中,建立了人群文件,生成自定义的三维数字化人体模型。在此基础上建立了满足不同百分位需求的参数化人体模型。以某汽车为对象,根据SAE标准,综合考虑了踏板行程、汽车视野和上下肢舒适性等因素对驾驶员的影响,最终得到满足各种约束的驾驶员最佳舒适性H点区域。论文研究为针对不同地区人群特性对车型进行逆向开发和逆向布置提供了很好的参考。     

沈阳市河流生态建设项目实施建议

近年来,因干旱少雨等自然灾害影响及人类生产活动对环境的破坏,致使一些中小河流生态功能遭到不同程度的破坏。结合沈阳市近年来河流生态建设的实施情况,从工程措施和生物措施两方面详细介绍了针对不同河流状况的生态建设措施,对今后类似工程建设提供借鉴。     

Allometric and ontogenetic patterns related to feeding of a neotropical fish, Satanoperca pappaterra (Perciformes, Cichlidae)

Abstract –  This study aims to analyse whether Satanoperca pappaterra changes its feeding habit throughout ontogenetic development, and whether morphological ontogenetic patterns are related to its feeding habit and food capture. We collected 258 individuals in the Cuiabá river basin (Brazil) for analyses. There was a weak relationship between diet and body size, as evidenced by size class and multivariate analyses, and niche breadth did not vary strongly during ontogenetic development. Eight morphometric variables were measured in each individual. We found an isometric relationship for mouth height and width, and for head length. We found positive allometry for snout length and body height in relation to body length, whereas this relationship for intestine length and eye diameter showed negative allometry. These results suggest that morphology and consequently diet vary weakly during ontogenetic development of S. pappaterra .     

Continuous Monitoring of Visible and Near-Infrared Band Reflectance from a Rice Paddy for Determining Nitrogen Uptake Using Digital Cameras

Abstract

A two-band digital imaging system —one band for the visible red band (RED, 630?670 nm) and the other for the near infrared band (NIR, 820?900 nm)— was devised and positioned at a height of 12 m above a rice field of 300 m² in area during the 2007 growing season. The imaging system automatically logged bird’seye view images at 10-min intervals from 0800?1600 every day. Radiometric corrections for the pairs of two-band images were done using solar irradiance sensors and preceding calibrations to calculate daily band-reflectance and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values for 9 plots of rice plants, with 3 levels of planting density and basal fertilization. The daily- averaged reflectance values in the RED and the NIR bands showed different but smooth seasonal changing patterns according to the growth of plants. At the maximum tiller number and the panicle formation stages, the RED and NIR reflectance values had correlation coefficients (r) of 0.79 and 0.81 with above-ground nitrogen absorption per unit land area (NA, g m-²), respectively, whereas the NDVI using the two band reflectance values showed r-value of -0.13. An empirically derived equation for the NA using two band reflectance values showed r-value of 0.96 and a root mean square of error (RMSE) 0.5 g m^–2 (10% of the mean observed NA) in the estimation for the original (not validated) data set acquired at the maximum tiller number and the panicle formation stages. The results indicated that reflectance observation in the RED and NIR bands using the digital imaging system was potentially effective for assessing rice growth.     

基于数字图像特征的冬小麦渍害监测研究

为探索渍害胁迫下冬小麦灾损程度的可视化监测方法,通过田间试验,分析了麦田16个常用图像特征指数在不同受渍时间下的变化特征及其与冬小麦SPAD值、产量和千粒重的相关关系,并建立了基于图像特征指数衰减量的冬小麦渍害估算模型。结果表明,随渍水时间的增加,红光(R)、红光标准化值(NRI)、超红指数(EXR)、植被颜色指数(CIVE)极显著上升,而绿光标准化值(NGI)、归一化绿红差值指数(NGRDI)、绿-红差值指数(GMR)、超绿指数(EXG)、绿红比值指数(GRVI)则极显著下降;且这9个图像特征指数均与冬小麦SPAD值、产量和千粒重呈极显著相关,相关系数的最大绝对值分别为0.92、0.85和0.91;基于图像指数衰减量所建的SPAD值、产量和千粒重减少量的估算模型均以二次多项式最优,且以CIVE指数衰减量构建的SPAD值、产量和千粒重减少量估算模型的预测精度最高,验证集决定系数分别达到0.98、0.95、0.96。因此,数字图像技术可用于冬小麦渍害监测,且以基于CIVE指数的监测效果最佳。     

森林生态型省级自然保护区管理和科研存在的问题及对策

摘要：森林生态型自然保护区是一些珍贵、稀有的动、植物的集中分布区,候鸟繁殖、越冬或迁徙的停息地,也是某些饲养动物和栽培植物野生近缘种的集中产地,具有典型性、代表性或特殊性且较完整自然生态系统。它的宗旨在于管理和保护局部生物界和自然生态环境,通过科学管理和合理利用,保证其生态功能的正常发挥,对于改善区域生态现状,促进经济社会可持续发展,具有重大而深远的意义。本文主要描述省级自然保护区管理和科研存在的问题及对策,以山东牟平?山省级自然保护区为例。     

山西省大豆品种生态分析：Ⅲ栽培大豆化学成分的组成与地理分布

本文研究了山西省5个大豆生态区,239个大豆地方栽培种的蛋白质、脂肪及各种脂肪酸的化学成分和地理分布,结果与其它农艺性状一样,形成明显的生态分布特点,其化学成分相互间存在着互为消长的关系,同时在大豆的不同栽培类型、不同种皮颜色间也有明显差异。     

Lessons from the past: the collapse of Jamaican coral reefs

Since Pre-Columbian times, humans have exploited Jamaican marine ecosystems with significant consequences for flora and fauna. This study focuses on the history of reef fish exploitation in Jamaica, from first human occupation to the present day, to determine how past fishing activities contributed to subsequent declines in the coral reef ecosystem. The pattern of declining reef fish populations was nonlinear. Reef fish first declined in prehistoric times but then potentially recovered, following genocide of the native human population. Reduced fishing pressure lasted until the mid-19th century. At that time, depletion of reef fish populations again occurred with a precipitous decline from the 1850s to the 1940s. The final shift from relatively abundant to overfished marine fauna corresponded to subtle changes in fish trap design as well as development of recreational fishing. Government subsidies throughout the second half of the 20th century exacerbated the declines. This analysis shows that local artisanal fisheries with relatively low levels of effort and seemingly subtle shifts in technology can significantly impact the coral reef ecosystem and that declines occurred decades to centuries before modern ecological studies began. This research shows how historical analysis can be a powerful tool to minimize shifted baselines and establish realistic targets for recovery and sustainable management of marine ecosystems.